e rangelands of the Vina Division on the Adamawa Plateau are densely infested with Stomoxyinae, but little is known about their species composition and ecology. A trap-transect survey was carried out in three villages: Galim, Mbidjoro, and Velambai, using Nzi (n � 3), Vavoua (n � 3), and Biconical (n � 3) traps, all baited with octenol. ree traps of each trap type were set in each of the study villages, and collections were carried out daily. In total, 3,762 Stomoxys spp. were collected from October 2016 to June 2017 and identified using standard keys into five species: Stomoxys niger niger, S. calcitrans, S. niger bilineatus, S. omega, and S. xanthomelas. Galim recorded the highest apparent density of stomoxyines (30 stomoxyines/trap/day) with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). e Vavoua trap was an ideal tool for Stomoxyinae collection. Stomoxyines abundantly occurred at the end of the dry season (March 2017) and beginning of the rainy season (May 2017). e monthly rainfall positively influenced monthly ADTs of Stomoxyinae. eir diurnal biting activity was bimodal in the rainy season and unimodal in the dry season. e daily activity peak was between 14 h and 16 h with a mean temperature of 31°C, a mean wind speed of 1.5 m/s, and a mean humidity of 50%. e daily trap catch was positively influenced by temperature and wind speed but negatively influenced by rainfall and air humidity. Weather variables influenced Stomoxys spp. monthly and daily ADTs.
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important viral disease of domestic animals and wildlife. High circulation occurs during outbreaks but little is known about the current transmission dynamics in sedentary cattle and sheep herds. To investigate on this, samples from cattle and sheep located in the Vina Division of the Adamawa region of Cameroon, during FMD outbreaks were collected. Non-Structural Protein (NSP) and antigen detecting/serotyping FMD ELISAs were used for sample screening. The NSP serological data of cattle was used to estimate transmission parameters in catalytic and reverse catalytic models. The Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) revealed the reverse catalytic model as the most parsimonious for the NSP serological data and was used to estimate the force of infection (FOI), the rate of waning immunity and to estimate historic periods of sustained transmission. Four serological types of FMD notably O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 were identified from cattle vesicular epithelia tissues. Seroprevalence findings revealed 65.14% and 15.71% FMDV antibodies in cattle and sheep respectively with highest prevalence in both populations occurring in Mbidjoro. The FOI (λ) in sedentary herds was constant; the rate of waning immunity (ω) was 0.32 meaning cattle are generally immune for 3.12 years post natural infection. The reproductive number (Rt) was 7.33, meaning approximately 87% of cattle always need to be effectively immunized to prevent outbreaks. Therefore, FMD circulates in sedentary cattle and sheep populations in the study area with four serological types detected in cattle.
Stable flies (Stomoxys spp.) are common pests of livestock in the peri-urban rangelands of Vina Division of the Adamawa Plateau. No documented information is available on their diurnal dynamics in relation to physiological age and landscape. The main aim of this study was to determine the trap apparent density (ADT) of Stomoxys and associate it to their diurnal activity rhythm and landscape. Vavoua traps (n=12) were used for Stomoxys collection. Trapping was carried out for seven days i.e. three days consecutively in August and four days consecutively in October, 2016. Three traps were pitched in each of the three biotopes (river, cattle corral and gallery forest) of the four study sites (Galim, Mbidjoro, Velambai and Soukourwo). All female Stomoxys captured underwent ovarian dissection for the determination of their physiological ages (parous or nulliparous). A total of 218 Stomoxys were caught and identified into four species (S. niger niger, S. omega, S. calcitrans, and S. xanthomelas) with an overall ADT of 2.59 flies per trap per day and Stomoxys niger niger (1.13 s.n.n. per trap per day) recorded the highest ADT. Species richness was study site dependent. Higher catches of females 113 (51.83%) were made than that of their male 105 (48.17%) counterparts. Galim recorded the highest Stomoxys apparent density (4.90) as compared to other sites with a statistically significant difference (P<0.05). The proportion of parous 87 (59.30%) was higher than that of their nulliparous 46 (40.71%) counterparts. Parity differed with landscape and capture periods. S. n. niger was the most frequent in all biotopes and Galim recorded the highest ADT. The population of female flies was made up of adults (parous) with a bimodal diurnal activity rhythm whereas males had a unimodal activity rhythm.
The abundance, species diversity and diurnal activity rhythm of hematophagous glossineswere evaluated by trapping using 15 Vavoua traps, during the rainy season (25th Sept-5th Oct to 21st Oct-9th Nov 2018), in two habitats: secondary forest and Anthropised milieu, in the biosphere reserve Ipassa-IRET Makokou in Gabon. In total, 489 glossines were caught with 245 collected from Village-Town site and regrouped under 4 species [G.p.palpalis (32.17%), G. frezili (36.23%), G. nashi (29.57%) and G. f. fuscipes (2.03%)] while 244 were collected from forest and regrouped under 3 species [G.p.palpalis (61.48%), G. nashi (28.69%) and G. frezili (0.84%)]. The abundance of glossines was higher in the Village-Town milieu (2.88 g/t/d) as compared to the forest (2.34 g/t/d) with no statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Glossines showed a unimodal diurnal activity rhythm with peak between 10h-12h in the two milieu and was dominated by females.
The aim of the study was to determine the abundance and diurnal activity rhythm of Stomoxyinae at the Ivindo National park and its environs, 14 Vavoua traps were set-up during the rainy season (25th Sept-5th Oct and 21st Oct-9th Nov 2018), in two habitats: the forest, a part of the Ivindo National Park (INP) and village-Town. In the Village-Town habitat, 62141 Stomoxys were caught and regrouped under five species notably 36502 S. omega (58.74%), 24045 S. n. niger (38.69%), 1312 S. xanthomelas (2.11%), 265 S. n. bilineatus (0.43%) and 17 S. calcitrans (0.03%). At the INP, 4645 Stomoxys were caught and regrouped under four species notably 2364 S. n. niger (50.89%), 2153 S. omega (46.35%), 114 S. xanthomelas (2.45%) and 14 S. n. bilineatus (0.30%). Stomoxys were more abundant in the village (517.84 s/t/d) as compared to the INP (44.24 s/t/d). There was a statistically significant difference (P<0.05) in apparent density of Stomoxys in the prospected biotopes. Stomoxys spp. showed a unimodal activity pattern in Village-Town environments and forest sites of the INP. The diurnal activity trend of Stomoxys spp. was sex dependent. This base line data will be used in Stomoxys spp. management in the environs of the INP.
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