The typology of larval habitats and the species diversity of culicids were conducted in the Akanda and its environs by collecting mosquito larvae and nymphs present in water collections, from May to June 2019. A total of 334 breeding sites of which 158 positive (47.31%) and 176 negative (52.69%) were identified. Water storage media such as: barrels (n = 95; 28.44%), puddles (n = 73; 21.86%), ponds (n = 47; 14.07%), tires (n = 31; 9.28%) and drains (n = 22; 6.59%) were the most frequent types of breeding sites. In addition, 1 549 mosquito larvae were collected, of which 59.39% belong to the sub-family Culicinae and 40.61% belong to the sub family Anophelinae. After rearing, 790 adults were obtained and divided into 8 species, including Aedes albopictus, Aedes aegypti, Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles pharaoensis, Culex tigripes, Culex decens, Culex quinquefasciatus, and Mansonia uniformis. Although preliminary, this information on the culicid fauna could be useful for the implementation of appropriate control strategies in the study area. Likewise, the presence of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in this area requires that additional studies on its resistance to insecticides be conducted as recommended by the World Health Organization.

The Adamawa region falls within the tsetse belt of Cameroon but harbours isolated pockets of tsetse free range lands like Ngaoundere. There is no report on the occurrence of tsetse and bovine trypanosomosis in Ngaoundere. To provide information on this subject, two Vavoua traps were used to trap vectors of bovine trypanosomiasis and at the same time, blood was collected from cattle. Genomic DNA was extracted from buffy coat of cattle blood (n=42) and biting flies (n=53). The nested PCR was used to screen the samples for Trypanosoma spp. During the 14 days of trapping in November and December 2017 in Ngaoundere, 127 flies were documented and classified under two taxa: Tabanidae and Stomoxyini. Three Trypanosoma spp. DNA was isolated from tabanid (18.9%) samples and identified as T. theileri, T. vivax and T. evansi and two of them that is T. theileri (4%) and T. vivax (3%) were also detected in cattle (7%). There was no case of trypanosome DNA isolated from all the screened Stomoxyini. This result indicates the “silent” transmission of T. theileri and T. vivax by tabanids in the absence of glossines in Ngaoundere.Keywords: Trypanosomes, tabanids, stomoxyini, PCR, Ngaoundere, Adamawa-Cameroon.

A cross-sectional study involving a questionnaire, parasitological examination of cattle and entomological prospection were conducted in the Mezam Division of Cameroon from December 2013 to May 2014 in two seasons for the first time. The objectives were to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiais and its vectors. Peasant farmers ﴾n=95﴿ were interviewed. Standard protocols for parasitological, hematocrit analysis as well as trypanosome identification were used. Acetone baited blue biconical traps ﴾n=5﴿ were used for entomological survey. Questionnaire survey revealed that trypanosomiasis was one of the major health problems affecting animals and a hindrance to agricultural activities. The overall prevalence was 10.3% ﴾31/301﴿. Trypanosome species identified consisted of: T. vivax (58.1%), T. brucei (25.8%), T. congolense (9.6%) and a mix infection (Trypanosoma congolense + Trypanosoma vivax) (6.5%). Vector survey revealed highest fly catch in Bafut subdivision as compared to others with a significant difference ﴾P<0.05﴿. Fly types recorded included: Tabanus 125 (71.4%), Stomoxys 31 (17.7%) and Glossina morsitans submorsitans 19 (10.9%). The overall Apparent Density (AD) was 1.53 fly per trap per day (f/t/d). Therefore, vector transmission and impact of the disease on production is alarming and should not be neglected. Control strategies have to be designed and implemented in Mezam Division in order to eradicate trypanosomiasis and its vectors.

Aim:An experimental study was carried out on 148 naturally infected indigenous cattle breeds with either single or mix infections of various species of trypanosomes. The objectives of this study were to determine the species of trypanosomes, observe their hematopathological consequences on host-related risk factors and to determine the packed cell volume (PCV) of the infected group.Materials and Methods:The buffy coat method (BCM) which is a variant of the hematocrit centrifugation method was used for the parasitological and hematological analysis. The May Grünwald-Giemsa method was also used for the identification of different trypanosome species.Results:The infection rate in accordance with the various trypanosomes was as follows: Trypanosoma congolense + Trypanosoma brucei (1.35%), Trypanosoma vivax + T. brucei (1.35%), T. congolense + T. vivax (8.11%), T. congolense + T. vivax + T. brucei (8.78%), T. brucei brucei (11.48%), T. vivax (20.94%), T. congolense (47.97%). The infection rate with respect to breeds showed the following results - Brahman (1.0%), Red Fulani (5.2%), White Fulani (6.5%) and Gudali (16.7%), with no statistical significant difference (p>0.05). The combined mean PCV of single as well as mix infections was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The mean PCV of males (25.64±5.08 standard deviation [SD]) which was lower than that of females (30.82±4.94 SD) was statistically significant (p<0.05). The body condition of infected animals with sex showed that a greater proportion of males with “Poor” and “Medium” conditions showed high prevalence than females with the same conditions, with a significant difference (p<0.05). However, females showed a “Good” condition than males even though it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The PCV profile of the infected group showed that the highest proportion of infected animals had PCV of ≤31% than PCV >31%. The mean weight of the animals was (265.41±95.36 SD). A scatter-linear plot of infected buffy coat against mean PCV showed a negative parametric correlation.Conclusion:Distinguished Trypanosoma spp. pathogenicity, emaciation and weight loss related anemia, poor body condition, sex and the response of different breeds to various trypanosomes were highly affected and are of vital importance in diagnosis and act as a contribution to future control and treatment plans in this area.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important viral disease of domestic animals and wildlife. High circulation occurs during outbreaks but little is known about the current transmission dynamics in sedentary cattle and sheep herds. To investigate on this, samples from cattle and sheep located in the Vina Division of the Adamawa region of Cameroon, during FMD outbreaks were collected. Non-Structural Protein (NSP) and antigen detecting/serotyping FMD ELISAs were used for sample screening. The NSP serological data of cattle was used to estimate transmission parameters in catalytic and reverse catalytic models. The Akaike’s Information Criteria (AIC) revealed the reverse catalytic model as the most parsimonious for the NSP serological data and was used to estimate the force of infection (FOI), the rate of waning immunity and to estimate historic periods of sustained transmission. Four serological types of FMD notably O, A, SAT 1 and SAT 2 were identified from cattle vesicular epithelia tissues. Seroprevalence findings revealed 65.14% and 15.71% FMDV antibodies in cattle and sheep respectively with highest prevalence in both populations occurring in Mbidjoro. The FOI (λ) in sedentary herds was constant; the rate of waning immunity (ω) was 0.32 meaning cattle are generally immune for 3.12 years post natural infection. The reproductive number (Rt) was 7.33, meaning approximately 87% of cattle always need to be effectively immunized to prevent outbreaks. Therefore, FMD circulates in sedentary cattle and sheep populations in the study area with four serological types detected in cattle.

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