Gabon is located in the malaria hyper-endemic zone, where data concerning malaria vector distribution remains fragmentary, making it difficult to implement an effective vector control strategy. Thus, it becomes crucial and urgent to undertake entomological surveys that will allow a better mapping of the Anopheles species present in Gabon. In this review, we examined different articles dealing with Anopheles in Gabon from ProQuest, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google scholar databases. After applying the eligibility criteria to 7543 articles collected from four databases, 42 studies were included that covered a 91-year period of study. The review revealed a wide diversity of Anopheles species in Gabon with a heterogeneous distribution. Indeed, our review revealed the presence of 41 Anopheles species, of which the most abundant were members of the Gambiae and Nili complexes and those of the Funestus and Moucheti groups. However, our review also revealed that the major and minor vectors of malaria in Gabon are present in both sylvatic, rural, and urban environments. The observation of human malaria vectors in sylvatic environments raises the question of the role that the sylvatic environment may play in maintaining malaria transmission in rural and urban areas. Ultimately, it appears that knowledge of biodiversity and spatial distribution of Anopheles mosquitoes is fragmentary in Gabon, suggesting that additional studies are necessary to complete and update these entomological data, which are useful for the implementation of vector control strategies.
Contexte : Les gîtes de développement des moustiques vecteurs et leur niveau de sensibilité aux insecticides ne sont pas connus à Oyem. Objectif : Caractériser les gîtes de reproduction des populations de moustiques d‘Oyem et évaluer leur sensibilité aux insecticides utilisés en santé publique. Matériel et méthodes : Des prospections et des collectes larvaires ont été menées en juillet 2020 (saison sèche) et de mi-novembre à mi-décembre 2020 (saison pluvieuse) dans la localité d’Oyem suivant un gradient d’anthropisation. De plus, les moustiques obtenus après émergence ont été testés au DDT 4%, à la Deltaméthrine 0,05%, à la Perméthrine 0,75%, à la Lambdacyalothrine 0,05%, à la Cyfluthrine 0,15%, au Bendiocarb 0,1% et au Malathion 5% selon le protocole standardisé de l’OMS de 2017. Résultats : Un total de 498 gîtes larvaires a été identifié dans la région d’Oyem. Ces gîtes étaient constitués de 24,9% de récipients domestiques (fûts, seaux, bidons, bassines, etc.), de pneus usés (18,2%), de marécages (9,4%), de flaques d’eau (42,2%), de lacs (1,4%), de rivières (1,6%), de caniveaux (1,4%) et de fosses septiques (1%). Près de 21 217 larves ont été collectées dont 59% appartenaient au genre Culex, 35% à Anopheles et 9% à Aedes. Dans la zone urbaine, les larves de Culex étaient les plus fréquentes (84,9%) et celles d’Aedes les moins rencontrées (4,5%). Cependant, dans la zone péri-urbaine, ce sont les larves d’Anopheles qui étaient les mieux représentées (64%) et les larves d’Aedes les moins collectées (2,9%). Enfin, dans la zone rurale, ce sont les larves de Culex qui ont été les plus récoltées (45,3%) et celles d’Aedes les moins observées (12,7%). Les résultats des bioéssais ont révélé que les populations d’Anopheles gambiae s.l. de la région d’Oyem sont résistantes au DDT, à la Deltaméthrine, à la Perméthrine, à la Lambdacyalothrine et à la Cyfluthrine, mais, sensibles au Bendiocarb et au Malathion. Conclusion : Bien que les anophèles d’Oyem soient déjà résistants aux Organochlorés et Pyréthrinoïdes, ils demeurent encore sensibles aux Carbamates et Organophosphorés. Ces deux familles d‘insecticides pourraient être utilisées en pulvérisation intradomiciliaire à Oyem. Toutefois, la recherche des mécanismes à l’origine de ces résistances constatées chez les moustiques d‘Oyem est nécessaire pour confirmer ou infirmer les résultats obtenus au cours des bioessais. Background: The development sites of mosquito vectors and their sensitivity level to insecticides are not known in Oyem. Objective: To characterize the mosquito breeding sites in Oyem and to assess their sensitivity to insecticides used in public health. Materials and methods: Larval surveys and collections were conducted in July 2020 (dry season) and from mid-November to mid-December 2020 (rainy season) in the locality of Oyem following an anthropization gradient. Moreover, mosquitoes obtained after emergence were tested with DDT 4%, Deltamethrin 0.05%, Permethrin 0.75%, Lambdacyalothrin 0.05%, Cyfluthrin 0.15%, Bendiocarb 0.1% and Malathion 5% according to the 2017 WHO standardized protocol. Results: A total of 498 breeding sites was identified in the Oyem region. These larval habitats consisted of 24.9% of domestic containers (barrels, buckets, cans, basins, etc.), used tires (18.2%), swamps (9.4%), puddles (42.2%), lakes (1.4%), rivers (1.6%), gutters (1.4%) and septic tanks (1%). About 21,217 larvae were collected, 59% of which belonged to the genus Culex, 35% to Anopheles and 9% to Aedes. In urban area, Culex larvae were the most frequent (84.9%) and Aedes larvae were the least encountered (4.5%). However, in the peri-urban area, Anopheles larvae were the best represented (64%) and Aedes larvae were the least collected (2.9%). Finally, in the rural area, Culex larvae were the most harvested (45.3%) and Aedes larvae the least observed (12.7%). The results of the bioassays revealed that populations of Anopheles gambiae s.l. in the Oyem region are resistant to DDT, Deltamethrin, Permethrin, Lambdacyalothrin and Cyfluthrin. Conclusion: Although Anopheles in Oyem are already resistant to Organochlorines and Pyrethrinoids, they are still sensitive to Carbamates and Organophosphates. These two families of insecticides could be used for indoor residual spraying in Oyem. However, research into the mechanisms behind the resistance observed in mosquitoes from Oyem is necessary to confirm or refute the bioassay results.
Background: Reliable data on the Knowledge, Attitudes, Beliefs, and Practices (KABP) of the indigenes of Akanda and its environs on the different approaches to fight against vectors of malaria is lacking. Objective: To evaluate the KABP of the indigenes of Akanda and its environs on the different techniques used to fight against vectors of malaria. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional survey using semi-structured questionnaires was conducted on heads of randomly selected households at Akanda from April to June 2019. Results: We interviewed 369 heads of households and the population had a high literacy rate. It was noticed that 94% of respondents knew that mosquitoes could transmit malaria. More than 80% believed that Insecticide-Treated bed Nets (ITNs) could protect them from malaria infection. There was no preference in ITNs usage with age cohorts and seasons of the year. The ITNs owned by respondents were mostly purchased from shops. Respondents underlined that their reluctance to sleep under ITNs was because of their inability to breath under such conditions. Also, apart from the use of ITNs for malaria control, Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) using insecticides (mostly Rambo®) purchased from shops and cleaning around house surroundings were practiced by >50% of respondents. Conclusion: Despite respondent’s awareness of mosquitoes as vectors of malaria as well as the use of ITNs, IRS, and cleaning of home surroundings to reduce malaria vectors burden, the ITNs coverage rate is very weak and more sensitization is also required at Akanda in Gabon.
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