Carbon materials, with their diverse allotropes, have played significant roles in our daily life and the development of material science. Following 0D C60 and 1D carbon nanotube, 2D graphene materials, with their distinctively fascinating properties, have been receiving tremendous attention since 2004. To fulfill the efficient utilization of 2D graphene sheets in applications such as energy storage and conversion, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, 3D structures constructed by graphene sheets have been attempted over the past decade, giving birth to a new generation of graphene materials called 3D graphene materials. This review starts with the definition, classifications, brief history, and basic synthesis chemistries of 3D graphene materials. Then a critical discussion on the design considerations of 3D graphene materials for diverse applications is provided. Subsequently, after emphasizing the importance of normalized property characterization for the 3D structures, approaches for 3D graphene material synthesis from three major types of carbon sources (GO, hydrocarbons and inorganic carbon compounds) based on GO chemistry, hydrocarbon chemistry, and new alkali-metal chemistry, respectively, are comprehensively reviewed with a focus on their synthesis mechanisms, controllable aspects, and scalability. At last, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of 3D graphene materials are addressed.

The current state-of-the-art of the synthesis, stabilization and applications of metallic 1T-phase MoS2: how it comes and where to go.

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TiO2 with arbitrarily tunable facets is directly grown onto the conductive substrate. H+ promotes the growth of the high energy {001} facet rather than F−.

Recent progress in visible light photocatalytic CO2 conversion with H2O, H2 or CH4 was deeply evaluated with emphasis on the development of catalysts.

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Highlights  3-fold enhancement in CO2 photocatalytic reduction is achieved on KOH-decorated g-C3N4.  A thin layer of electrolyte is expected to form due to the easy deliquescence of KOH  OHfunctions as hole accepters to improve the separation and utilization of charges  OHalso keeps a dynamically stable amount of the main species to be reduced  K + in KOH enhanced the binding of H2CO3 on g-C3N4 in a greater extent than Na + in NaOH

Converting sunlight energy into green and storable chemical fuels (like hydrogen) is of great importance to address the global energy crisis and environmental issues. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is a...