A porous polyimide (PI) membrane is successfully prepared via nonsolvent-induced phase separation with two porogens: dibutyl phthalate and glycerin. The as-prepared uniform porous PI membrane shows excellent separator properties for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Compared with the commercial polyethylene (PE) separator, the PI separator exhibits significant thermal stability, better ionic conductivity, and wettability both in carbonate and ether electrolytes for LIBs. The battery coin-cells assembled with the PI separator is more robust and still works even after heating at 140 °C for 1 h, while the cells with the commercial PE separator could not charge any more due to the shrinkage of the PE under the same condition.
Simple, rapid, and accurate detection methods for saccharides are potentially applicable to various fields such as clinical and food chemistry. However, the practical applications of on-site analytical methods are still limited. To this end, herein, we propose a 96-well microtiter plate made of paper as a paper-based chemosensor array device (PCSAD) for the simultaneous classification of 12 saccharides and the quantification of fructose and glucose among 12 saccharides. The mechanism of the saccharide detection relied on an indicator displacement assay (IDA) on the PCSAD using four types of catechol dyes, 3nitrophenylboronic acid, and the saccharides. The design of the PCSAD and the experimental conditions for the IDA were optimized using a central composite design. The chemosensors exhibited clear color changes upon the addition of saccharides on the paper because of the competitive boronate esterification. The color changes were employed for the subsequent qualitative, semiquantitative, and quantitative analyses using an automated algorithm combined with pattern recognition for digital images. A qualitative linear discrimination analysis offered discrimination of 12 saccharides with a 100% classification rate. The semiquantitative analysis of fructose in the presence of glucose was carried out from the viewpoint of food analysis utilizing a support vector machine, resulting in clear discrimination of the various concentrations of fructose. Most importantly, the quantitative detection of fructose in two types of commercial soft drinks was also successfully carried out without sample pretreatments. Thus, the proposed PCSAD can be a powerful method for on-site food analyses that can meet the increasing demand from consumers for sensors of saccharides.
Although the determination of oxyanions due to correlation with metabolic processes and diseases is in high demand, most of the developed methods are suffering from a shortage of a capability of on-site analysis, sensitivity, and user-friendliness. This paper introduces the first colorimetric chemosensor array targeting various anions including glyphosate. The proposed sensor benefits from some notable features such as utilizing only commercially available reagents, recognizing similarly structured compounds by biomaterial-free sensors, and providing a fingerprint-like response originating from pattern recognition. The detection mechanism is based on an anion sensing strategy named coordination binding-based sensor array (CBSA). In CBSA, competitive coordinative bonding of a metal ion (Zn2+) between a catechol dye (i.e., indicator) and target anions occurs, and changes in the optical properties of the dye represent the target’s concentration. For data processing, two chemometrical techniques including linear discrimination analysis (LDA) and an artificial neural network (ANN) for pattern classification and regression/prediction purposes were successfully employed, respectively. Finally, the proposed chemosensor was subjected to glyphosate samples (commercial herbicide and tap water samples) and produced satisfactory results.
Herein, a very simple colorimetric chemosensor array is reported for saccharides ( D -glucose, D -fructose, D -xylose, D -galactose, D -mannose, L -rhamnose, and N -acetyl- D -gluosamine). While various types of chemosensors for saccharides have been investigated extensively to-this-date, tremendous additional efforts are still required on a regular basis for the syntheses of new chemosensors. Complicated syntheses would be a bottleneck, given that artificial receptor-based chemosensing systems are not so popular in comparison to biomaterial-based (e.g., enzyme-based) sensing systems. Toward this end, chemosensor array systems using molecular self-assembled materials can avoid the abovementioned synthetic efforts and achieve simultaneous qualitative and quantitative detection of a number of guest saccharides. Using a practical approach, we focus on an indicator displacement assay (IDA) to fabricate a chemosensor array for colorimetric saccharide sensing. On this basis, 3-nitrophenylboronic acid (3-NPBA) spontaneously reacts with catechol dyes such as alizarin red S (ARS), bromopyrogallol red (BPR), pyrogallol red (PR), and pyrocatechol violet (PV), and yields boronate ester derivatives with color changes. The addition of saccharides into the aqueous solution of the boronate esters induces color recovery owing to the higher binding affinity of 3-NPBA for saccharides, thus resulting in the release of dyes. By employing this system, we have succeeded in discriminating saccharides qualitatively and quantitatively with a classification success rate of 100%. Most importantly, our chemosensor array has been fabricated by only mixing low cost commercially available reagents in situ , which means that complicated synthetic processes are avoided for saccharide sensing. We believe this simple colorimetric assay that uses only commercially available reagents can create new, user-friendly supramolecular sensing pathways for saccharides.
An artificial tongue that detects astringent components for a comprehensive evaluation of taste has not been established to date. Herein, we first propose fluorescent polythiophene (PT) derivatives (S1–S3) modified with 3‐pyridinium boronic acid as supramolecular chemosensors for wine components including astringent procyanidin C1. After numerous attempts for the synthetic conditions, more than 95 mol % of the PT unit was modified with the pyridinium boronic acid moiety. To evaluate the PT derivatives as chemosensors of the artificial tongue, qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed with four types of wine components (i.e., sweet, sour, bitter, and astringent tastes) in combination with pattern recognition models. Notably, procyanidin C1 in the actual wine sample was successfully detected in a quantitative manner. In other words, we have established an authentic artificial tongue using PT based supramolecular chemosensors.
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