Simple, rapid, and accurate detection methods for saccharides are potentially applicable to various fields such as clinical and food chemistry. However, the practical applications of on-site analytical methods are still limited. To this end, herein, we propose a 96-well microtiter plate made of paper as a paper-based chemosensor array device (PCSAD) for the simultaneous classification of 12 saccharides and the quantification of fructose and glucose among 12 saccharides. The mechanism of the saccharide detection relied on an indicator displacement assay (IDA) on the PCSAD using four types of catechol dyes, 3nitrophenylboronic acid, and the saccharides. The design of the PCSAD and the experimental conditions for the IDA were optimized using a central composite design. The chemosensors exhibited clear color changes upon the addition of saccharides on the paper because of the competitive boronate esterification. The color changes were employed for the subsequent qualitative, semiquantitative, and quantitative analyses using an automated algorithm combined with pattern recognition for digital images. A qualitative linear discrimination analysis offered discrimination of 12 saccharides with a 100% classification rate. The semiquantitative analysis of fructose in the presence of glucose was carried out from the viewpoint of food analysis utilizing a support vector machine, resulting in clear discrimination of the various concentrations of fructose. Most importantly, the quantitative detection of fructose in two types of commercial soft drinks was also successfully carried out without sample pretreatments. Thus, the proposed PCSAD can be a powerful method for on-site food analyses that can meet the increasing demand from consumers for sensors of saccharides.
We
herein report an organic field-effect transistor (OFET) based
chemical sensor for multi-oxyanion detection with pattern recognition
techniques. The oxyanions ubiquitously play versatile roles in biological
systems, and accessing the chemical information they provide would
potentially facilitate fundamental research in diagnosis and pharmacology.
In this regard, phosphates in human blood serum would be a promising
indicator for early case detection of significant diseases. Thus,
the development of an easy-to-use chemical sensor for qualitative
and quantitative detection of oxyanions is required in real-world
scenarios. To this end, an extended-gate-type OFET has been functionalized
with a metal complex consisting of 2,2′-dipicolylamine and
a copper(II) ion (CuII-dpa), allowing a compact chemical
sensor for oxyanion detection. The OFET combined with a uniform CuII-dpa-based self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on the extended-gate
gold electrode shows a cross-reactive response, which suggests a discriminatory
power for pattern recognition. Indeed, the qualitative detection of
13 oxyanions (i.e., hydrogen monophosphate, pyrophosphate, adenosine
monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, terephthalate,
phthalate, isophthalate, malonate, oxalate, lactate, benzoate, and
acetate) has been demonstrated by only using a single OFET-based sensor
with linear discriminant analysis, which has shown 100% correct classification.
The OFET has been further applied to the quantification of hydrogen
monophosphate in human blood serum using a support vector machine
(SVM). The multiple predictions of hydrogen monophosphate at 49 and
89 μM have been successfully realized with low errors, which
indicates that the OFET-based sensor with pattern recognition techniques
would be a practical sensing platform for medical assays. We believe
that a combination of the OFET functionalized with the SAM-based recognition
scaffold and powerful pattern recognition methods can achieve multi-analyte
detection from just a single sensor.
An artificial tongue that detects astringent components for a comprehensive evaluation of taste has not been established to date. Herein, we first propose fluorescent polythiophene (PT) derivatives (S1–S3) modified with 3‐pyridinium boronic acid as supramolecular chemosensors for wine components including astringent procyanidin C1. After numerous attempts for the synthetic conditions, more than 95 mol % of the PT unit was modified with the pyridinium boronic acid moiety. To evaluate the PT derivatives as chemosensors of the artificial tongue, qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed with four types of wine components (i.e., sweet, sour, bitter, and astringent tastes) in combination with pattern recognition models. Notably, procyanidin C1 in the actual wine sample was successfully detected in a quantitative manner. In other words, we have established an authentic artificial tongue using PT based supramolecular chemosensors.
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