Traditional
technologies for the recycling of spent lithium-ion
batteries (LIBs) mainly focus on reductive leaching, which often leads
to total leaching rather than selective leaching of metals. As a result,
loss of valuable metal ions, particularly Li+, occurs in
subsequent extraction processes, causing low recycling efficiency
of valuable metals. Inspired by the oxide-delithiation process in
materials science, here, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are first
introduced to selectively recover Li from spent LIBs during hydrometallurgical
leaching (oxidative leaching), and a high Li recovery rate is achieved
with an extremely high slurry density. In AOPs, the sulfate radical
(SO4
•–) and hydroxyl radical (HO•), which have high oxidation
potentials, are in situ generated by heat-activated persulfate to
prevent the leaching of Co2+ and Mn2+ and, simultaneously,
promote the leaching of Li. Besides, chemical leaching processes are
coupled with AOPs to enhance the leaching of Li for the incomplete
delithiation of AOPs. Through
the selective recovery, the extraction process of Li is drastically
shortened. A lithium-rich solution (18.2 g/L of Li+), which
is available to directly prepare qualified lithium products, can be
obtained in only two steps. The reaction mechanisms between AOPs and
spent LIBs are also comprehensively investigated. In the end, the
loss of Li is only 2.06% in the purification processes, leading to
a high recycling efficiency of Li. Li2CO3 with
a purity of 99.0% was obtained. Furthermore, the introduction of AOPs
for selective extraction of metals will not only show its significant
value in the waste recycling field but also in the mineral resource
utilization.
a b s t r a c tCeramic panels are an emerging construction material and have become popular in China due to the regenerative character of the material and its conformation with Chinese culture. In this paper, we conducted a life cycle assessment (from "cradle" to "grave") of decorative ceramic façade panel products from a typical ceramic enterprise in South China. Both the sales aspect and material recycling were considered. Using Ebalance software and its Chinese parameters, we assessed seven environmental impacts of the ceramic panels, including depletion of abiotic resources, photochemical oxidant creation, global warming, acidification, eutrophication, ozone depletion and human toxicity. We also compared the environmental performance of ceramic façade panels with three other traditional curtain wall materialsdglass, marble and aluminum platedusing data from the literature. The results from a consideration of the life cycle from "cradle" to "gate" showed that ceramic façade panels had better environmental performance than the others, in general, but was worse than glass on the depletion of abiotic resources performance and was worse than glass and aluminum on the human toxicity performance. Finally, we offer some suggestions for optimizing the life cycle process of ceramic façade panels for better environmental performance and some recommendations for better selection of façade materials.
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