A sustainable process for metal recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries using ammonium chloride

Lv, Wenzhen; Wang, Zhonghang; Cao, Hongbin; Zheng, Xiaohong; Jin, Wei; Zhang, Yi; Sun, Zhi

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.08.027

Cited by 88 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…3 indicate that metal leach rapidly increased within the initial 10 min, then slowed to a low rate. The decrease in leach rate may be due to consumption of lixiviant acid by metal dissolution as the leach reactions progress [37]. A variance in the progress of initial leaching, mainly between Li and other metals, was observed.…”

Section: Effect Of Timementioning

confidence: 96%

“…The effect of temperature can be described by a shift to leach kinetics from diffusion-control to chemically-control region [36]. The change in temperature also affects the thermodynamic boundaries for the reduction of Co 3+ and Mn 4+ by the enlarged overlapping of MnO 2 /Mn 2+ and Co(OH) 3 /Co 2+ in the predominance region [37]. Although the leach efficiency percentage appears similar, the absolute metal values in the leach liquor were significantly different being 708 mg/L and 483 mg/L for Co and Mn, respectively.…”

Section: Effect Of Acid Concentration and Oxidant Additionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Recycling of end-of-life LiNixCoyMnzO2 batteries for rare metals recovery

Sattar

Ilyas

Kousar

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Research

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An investigation of rare metals recovery from LiNixCoyMnzO2 cathode material of the end-of-life lithium-ion batteries is presented. To determine the influence of reductant on the leach process, the cathode material (containing Li 7.6%, Co 20.4%, Mn 19.4%, and Ni 19.3%) was leached in H2SO4 solutions either with or without H2O2. The optimal process parameters with respect to acid concentration, addition dosage of H2O2, temperature, and the leaching time were found to be 2.0 M H2SO4, 4 vol.% H2O2, 70°C, and 150 min, respectively. The yield of metal values in the leach liquor was > 99%. The leach liquor was subsequently treated by precipitation techniques to recover nickel as Ni(C4H7N2O2)2 and lithium as Li2CO3 with stoichiometric ratios of 2:1 and 1.2:1 of dimethylglyoxime:Ni and Na2CO3:Li, respectively. Cobalt was recovered by solvent extraction following a 3-stage process using Na-Cyanex 272 at pHeq ~5.0 with an organic-to-aqueous phase ratio (O/A) of 2/3. The loaded organic phase was stripped with 2.0 M H2SO4 at an O/A ratio of 8/1 to yield a solution of 114 g/L CoSO4; finally recovered CoSO4.xH2O by crystallization. The process economics were analyzed and found to be viable with a margin of $476 per ton of the cathode material.

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Section: Effect Of Timementioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Effect Of Acid Concentration and Oxidant Additionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of end-of-life LiNixCoyMnzO2 batteries for rare metals recovery

Sattar

Ilyas

Kousar

et al. 2019

Environmental Engineering Research

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show abstract

“…Compared to HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , and H 3 PO 4 , HCl leaching requires a lower concentration threshold to achieve high leaching rates and efficiency . This is ascribed to (a) its stronger acidity (ie, higher dissociation constant); (b) the presence of corrosive Cl − anions that possess a lower pitting potential compared to sulfate, nitrate, and phosphate anions; and (c) Cl − can serve as a reductant for M 3+ /M 4+ . As seen in Table , high leaching efficiencies can be achieved for HCl without the supplementation of a reducing agent .…”

Section: Acid Leachingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

et al. 2020

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Worldwide trends in mobile electrification, largely driven by the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) will skyrocket demands for lithium‐ion battery (LIB) production. As such, up to four million metric tons of LIB waste from EV battery packs could be generated from 2015 to 2040. LIB recycling directly addresses concerns over long‐term economic strains due to the uneven geographic distribution of resources (especially for Co and Li) and environmental issues associated with both landfilling and raw material extraction. However, LIB recycling infrastructure has not been widely adopted, and current facilities are mostly focused on Co recovery for economic gains. This incentive will decline due to shifting market trends from LiCoO2 toward cobalt‐deficient and mixed‐metal cathodes (eg, LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2). Thus, this review covers recycling strategies to recover metals in mixed‐metal LIB cathodes and comingled scrap comprising different chemistries. As such, hydrometallurgical processes can meet this criterion, while also requiring a low environmental footprint and energy consumption compared to pyrometallurgy. Following pretreatment to separate the cathode from other battery components, the active material is dissolved entirely by reductive acid leaching. A complex leachate is generated, comprising cathode metals (Li+, Ni2+, Mn2+, and Co2+) and impurities (Fe3+, Al3+, and Cu2+) from the current collectors and battery casing, which can be separated and purified using a series of selective precipitation and/or solvent extraction steps. Alternatively, the cathode can be resynthesized directly from the leachate.

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“…In comparison, hydrometallurgical processing allows the recovery of most of the metals within LIBs to be extracted, separated and recovered [10]. Leaching of metals from LIB waste have been widely investigated using various lixiviants to promote metal solubilisation [7,11,12]. It has been demonstrated that up to 99% solubilisation of cobalt (Co) and Li can be achieved with LIB wastes using strong inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids [9,13,14].…”

Section: Metalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Metals from Waste Lithium Ion Battery Leachates Using Biogenic Hydrogen Sulfide

et al. 2019

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Lithium ion battery (LIB) waste is increasing globally and contains an abundance of valuable metals that can be recovered for re-use. This study aimed to evaluate the recovery of metals from LIB waste leachate using hydrogen sulfide generated by a consortium of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in a lactate-fed fluidised bed reactor (FBR). The microbial community analysis showed Desulfovibrio as the most abundant genus in a dynamic and diverse bioreactor consortium. During periods of biogenic hydrogen sulfide production, the average dissolved sulfide concentration was 507 mg L−1 and the average volumetric sulfate reduction rate was 278 mg L−1 d−1. Over 99% precipitation efficiency was achieved for Al, Ni, Co, and Cu using biogenic sulfide and NaOH, accounting for 96% of the metal value contained in the LIB waste leachate. The purity indices of the precipitates were highest for Co, being above 0.7 for the precipitate at pH 10. However, the process was not selective for individual metals due to simultaneous precipitation and the complexity of the metal content of the LIB waste. Overall, the process facilitated the production of high value mixed metal precipitates, which could be purified further or used as feedstock for other processes, such as the production of steel.

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A sustainable process for metal recycling from spent lithium-ion batteries using ammonium chloride

Cited by 88 publications

References 41 publications

Recycling of end-of-life LiNixCoyMnzO2 batteries for rare metals recovery

Recycling of end-of-life LiNixCoyMnzO2 batteries for rare metals recovery

Recycling of mixed cathode lithium‐ion batteries for electric vehicles: Current status and future outlook

Recovery of Metals from Waste Lithium Ion Battery Leachates Using Biogenic Hydrogen Sulfide

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