as a potential green energy-generating technology, proving to be a game-changer in photovoltaics. [1][2][3] Significant efforts, including material design, thin-film growth control, and interface engineering, have been devoted to promoting device performance. [4][5][6] Within only a few years, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of single-junction PerSCs have been enhanced to 20% threshold. [7][8][9][10] Despite the leaps and bounds in efficiency, the stability of PerSCs, especially moisture/ water and thermal stability, is still a severe concern, since a long-term environmental atmosphere potentially makes degradation or phase transition of the perovskite. [11][12][13] Accordingly, device instability issues must be overcome along with the improvement of the PCE of PerSCs.Interface and grains control plays a vital role in achieving highly efficient and stable PerSCs. Nonradiative recombination caused by traps/defects existing at the interface and grain boundaries (GBs) impairs charge-density buildup and diminishes the photo-voltage of devices. [14][15][16] Moreover, these defects are the attack points of external factors such as water and thermal, resulting in the decomposition of perovskite. [17,18] Uncoordinated Pb 2+ ion is one typical ion defect on the surface and GBs of perovskite which seriously injures the device performance. [19] Previous studies have been carried out toward solving uncoordinated Pb 2+ ions in achieving high-efficiency PerSCs. [20] A series of organic molecules containing lone pair electrons on oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen (such as pyridine, thiophene, benzoquinone, and crown ether) have been selected to reduce those defect sites by coordination bonds. [21][22][23] For instance, a series of crown ethers were employed to suppress uncoordinated surface defects, yielding an improved PCE exceeding 23% and achieving enhanced stability under ambient and operational conditions. [24] Moreover, as for the n-i-p structured PerSCs, SnO 2 has been regarded as a promising candidate for electron transport material. [25] However, surface traps/defects existing at the SnO 2 / perovskite interface are disadvantageous for charge transport. Therefore, optimizing the SnO 2 /perovskite interface to suppress the formation of surface traps/defects is vital to boosting device performance. [26,27] Generally, further modificationThe organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cell (PerSC) is the state-of-theart emerging photovoltaic technology. However, the environmental water/ moisture and temperature-induced intrinsic degradation and phase transition of perovskite greatly retard the commercialization process. Herein, a dual-functional organic ligand, 4,7-bis((4-vinylbenzyl)oxy)-1,10-phenanthroline (namely, C1), with crosslinkable styrene side-chains and chelatable phenanthroline backbone, synthesized via a cost-effective Williamson reaction, is introduced for collaborative electrode interface and perovskite grain boundaries (GBs) engineering. C1 can chemically chelate with Sn 4+ in the SnO 2 electron transport...

Polymer systems have typical multiscale characteristics, both in space and time. The mesoscopic properties of polymers are difficult to describe through traditional experimental approaches. Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) is a simulation method used for solving mesoscale problems of complex fluids and soft matter. The mesoscopic properties of polymer systems, such as conformation, dynamics, and transport properties, have been studied extensively using DPD. This paper briefly summarizes the application of DPD to research involving microchannel flow, electrospinning, free‐radical polymerization, polymer self‐assembly processes, polymer electrolyte fuel cells, and biomedical materials. The main features and possible development avenues of DPD are described as well.

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Functionalized cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) loaded fibro-porous Poly-L-Lactic acid (PLLA)/Gelatin composite membranes were prepared via electrospinning technology. Considering the importance of such membrane scaffolds for promoting angiogenesis in tissue engineering...

Introduction: Fetal arrhythmias are a common phenomenon with rather complicated etiologies. Debates remain regarding prenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal arrhythmias. Methods:The literature reporting on prenatal diagnosis and treatment of fetal arrhythmias published in the recent two decades were retrieved, collected and analyzed. Results: Both fetal magnetocardiogram and electrocardiogram provide information of cardiac time intervals, including the QRS and QT durations. M-mode ultrasound detects the AV and VA intervals, fetal heart rate, and AV conduction. By using Doppler ultrasound, simultaneous recording of the atrial and ventricular waves can be obtained. Benign fetal arrhythmias, including premature contractions and sinus tachycardia, do not need any treatment before and after birth. Sustained fetal arrhythmias that predispose to the occurrence of hydrops fetalis, cardiac dysfunction or eventual fetal demise require active treatments. Intrauterine therapy of fetal tachyarrhythmias has been carried out by the transplacental route. If maternal transplacental treatment fails, intraumbilical, intraperitoneal, or direct fetal intramuscular injection of antiarrhythmic agents can be attempted. Conclusions: The outcomes of intrauterine therapy of fetal tachyarrhythmias depend on the types or etiology of fetal arrhythmias and fetal conditions. Most are curable to a transplacental treatment by the first-line antiarrhythmic agents. Fetal cardiac pacings are effective methods to restore sinus rhythm in drug-resistant or hemodynamically compromised cases. Immediate postnatal pacemaker implantation is warranted in refractory cases.

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