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In this paper, the performance of catalytic oxidative desulfurization from model oil was studied using a catalyst of molybdenum supported on modified medicinal stone (Mo/MMS).

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Microwave heating is characterized by high efficiency and selectivity in biomass treatment. Due to the high thermal stability and low polarity of lignin, isolation of lignin by high-temperature microwave treatment is a promising subject for investigation. In this paper, microwave treatment is applied to polysaccharide liquefaction and lignin isolation from softwood at 160−210°C for 10 min with dilute sulfuric acid. Mass balance/element analysis/FTIR/TG/solid-state 13 C NMR/Py-GC/MS are applied to investigate the processed residues (residual lignin). At 190°C processing temperature, the residual lignin is a material rich in aromatics. High lignin purity (93 wt %) and yield (82 wt %) could be achieved by a simple protocol, which usually takes days or even weeks using conventional milled wood lignin protocols. The Py-GC/MS is applied to check the structure of lignin by a newly developed approach. The liquid phase after isolation is analyzed by GC-MS and liquid carbon NMR. Most chemicals in processed liquid are from cellulose and hemicellulose, suggesting that lignin is preserved well in the residue. By comparison, we found that microwave isolation causes less lignin degradation than conventional acidolysis under equivalent conditions. It is concluded that microwave treatment is potentially a promising tool for isolation of polysaccharide-free lignin with high efficiency.

A new bioflocculant was produced by culturing Rhodococcus erythropolis in a cheap medium. When culture pH was 7.0, inoculum size was 2 % (v/v), Na2HPO4 concentration was 0.5 g L(-1), and the ratio of sludge/livestock wastewater was 7:1 (v/v), a maximum flocculating rate of 87.6 % could be achieved. Among 13 different kinds of pretreatments for sludge, the optimal one was the thermal-alkaline pretreatment. Different from a bioflocculant produced in a standard medium, this bioflocculant was effective over a wide pH range from 2 to 12 with flocculating rates higher than 98 %. Approximately, 1.6 g L(-1) of crude bioflocculant could be harvested using cold ethanol for extraction. This bioflocculant showed color removal rates up to 80 % when applied to direct and disperse dye solutions, but only 23.0 % for reactive dye solutions. Infrared spectrum showed that the bioflocculant contained functional groups such as -OH, -NH2, and -CONH2. Components in the bioflocculant consisted of 91.2 % of polysaccharides, 7.6 % of proteins, and 1.2 % of DNA. When the bioflocculant and copper sulfate (CuSO4) were used together for decolorization in actual dye wastewater, the optimum decolorization conditions were specified by the response surface methodology as pH 11, bioflocculant dosage of 40 mg/L, and CuSO4 80 mg/L, under which a decolorization rate of 93.9 % could be reached.

A one-step method preparing of poly(vinylidene fluoride)-based electrospun membranes (PEMs) containing TiO 2 has been developed. The effect of TiO 2 on the morphology, degree of crystallization and electrochemical behavior of PEMs was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electrochemical measurements. The PEMs containing TiO 2 show improved ionic conductivity and cycling performance compared with pure PEMs.