In this paper, a new type of flame retardant (AF‐Fe) based on para‐aramid fiber (AF) which was modified with iron diethyl phosphinate was applied for thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). The flame‐retardant properties of TPU were tested using cone calorimeter test, smoke density test, and thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry. The cone calorimeter test showed that AF‐Fe can greatly reduce the heat release rate, total heat release, smoke factor, and other parameters of TPU composites compared with the sample of TPU/AF. For example, the pHRR of the composite with 1.0 wt% AF‐Fe was reduced by 15.19% compared with the sample with the same content of pure AF. In addition, the smoke factor of TPU/AFFe3 was reduced by 50.52% and 15.63% compared with TPU0 and TPU/AF respectively. The results of smoke density test showed that the luminous flux of TPU/AFFe3 was increased by 79.26% compared with the sample of TPU/AF. The TG results revealed that the sample with TPU/AFFe3 had lower weight loss rate and higher char residue content at 700°C compared with the sample of TPU/AF.
Sodium fumarate (SF, C4H3NaO4), as a low‐cost and environment‐friendly additive, has been applied as the fire safety agent to investigate the flame retardancy and smoke suppression property in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). A series of tests were carried out, including limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimeter test (CCT), smoke density test (SDT), and thermogravimetric/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG‐IR). The results proved that the addition of SF can significantly improve the fire safety property of TPU. Remarkably, in the case of the sample containing 2.0 wt% SF, LOI was raised up to 27.5 compared with 21.0 of pure TPU. The CCT results showed that pHRR, THR, TSR, and SF values decreased by 60.1%, 17.0%, 44.6%, and 66.4%, respectively, while the residual mass increased from 3.0% to 12.3% compared with pure TPU. The digital photographs displayed a more compact and intense carbon layer after the addition of SF. The SDT results indicated SF has increased the luminous flux and reduced Ds values, implying the improvement of the smoke suppression property of TPU. TG and TG‐IR results showed that the addition of SF has promoted the char forming process and reduced the release of CO2 and other volatile compounds. All results of tests illustrated that SF has considerable fire safety effect on TPU. Through the analysis of the results of this experiment, it will make a significance in the aspect of fire safety of polymer.
In this paper, fumaric acid (FA) which was a new type of environmental and low-cost flame retardant was applied for thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU). The flame-retardant properties of TPU were tested using limiting oxygen index, cone calorimeter test, smoke density test, and thermogravimetric/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It has been proved that FA could improve the difficulty of the ignition of the sample; the limiting oxygen index value of the sample (FA-4) increased by 29.7% when 2.0 wt% FA was added to TPU. The cone calorimeter test showed that FA can greatly reduce heat release and smoke production during the combustion process of TPU composites. For example, compared with the pure TPU, the peak heat release rate and total smoke release of the sample (FA-4) with 2.0 wt% FA were decreased by 50.8% and 51.5% respectively. The results of smoke density test showed that the luminous flux of the samples contained 0.5 wt% FA was increased by 79.2% compared with the pure TPU. The TG results revealed that the sample of FA-4 had higher char residue content compared with the sample of TPU. The results of thermogravimetric/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that FA could decrease the initial decomposition temperature for TPU composites and increase the release of CO 2 and H 2 O. All results of test illustrated that FA had good flameretardant effect on TPU. KEYWORDS environmental, flame retardant, fumaric acid, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer 1 | INTRODUCTIONThermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) is a polymer formed by the copolymerization of diisocyanate and polyol, which is an elastic material between rubber and plastic. 1 Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer has good prospects for development in daily life because of its superior performance, such as high wear resistance, high strength, high elasticity, and good hydrolysis stability. 2 However, as a combustible material, during the combustion process, TPU can produce a lot of smoke, heat, and poisonous gas, which easily cause the suffocation and even death of the personnel, and it has a serious droplet phenomenon, which limits its application in some fields. 3 Therefore, it is very important to improve the flame retardancy of TPU. [4][5][6][7] At present, the traditional flame retardants used for TPU include halogen flame retardants, phosphorus flame retardants, etc. 8,9 Halogen flame retardants are more popular in flame-retardant TPU because of the high flame-retardant efficiency, moderate price, and variety.However, halogen flame retardants will release corrosive gases such as halogenated hydrogen and a large amount of smoke under high temperature or open fire, which will bring great harm to the human body and the environment. 10 The phosphorus flame retardant has the characteristics of halogen-free and low toxicity, but it needs a high amount of addition, which has an effect on the mechanical properties of the materials. 11,12 As a result, the elongation at break of the composite system, especially the impact strength, will...
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