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Novel bisphenol A‐based sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) (bi A‐SPAES) copolymers were successfully synthesized via direct copolymerization of disodium 3,3′‐disulfonate‐4,4′‐dichlorodiphenylsulfone, 4,4′‐dichlorodiphenylsulfone, and bisphenol A. The copolymer structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectra and 1H NMR analysis. The series of sulfonated copolymers based membranes were prepared and evaluated for proton exchange membranes (PEM). The membranes showed good thermal stability and mechanical property. Transmission electron microscopy was used to obtain the microstructures of the synthesized polymers. The membranes exhibit increased water uptake from 8% to 66%, ion exchange capacities from 0.41 to 2.18 meq/g and proton conductivities (25°C) from 0.012 to 0.102 S/cm with the degree of sulfonation increasing. The proton conductivities of bi A‐SPAES‐6 membrane (0.10–0.15 S/cm) with high‐sulfonated degree are higher than that of Nafion 117 membrane (0.095–0.117 S/cm) at all temperatures (20–100°C). Especially, the methanol diffusion coefficients of membranes (1.7 × 10−8 cm2/s–8.5 × 10−7 cm2/s) are much lower than that of Nafion 117 membrane (2.1 × 10−6 cm2/s). The new synthesized copolymer was therefore proposed as a candidate of material for PEM in direct methanol fuel cell. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009

In the traditional lane keeping system, a single control algorithm is used for global-region control, which often results in poor control effect in some control areas. In view of this problem, a control method combining the extension control and Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy control is proposed for lane keeping system control. The extension control strategy based on the idea of control with area division divides different control regions according to the states of the system, and adopts different control algorithms in different control areas to address the limitation of a single control algorithm. For the randomness and inaccuracy of artificial experience in control domain division, a method for control domain division based on the density distribution of characteristic plane is proposed in this article. In order to further improve and explore the performance of extension control, Takagi-Sugeno-Kang extension controller is designed with Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy control theory, and the extension control performance is improved when switching among different control algorithms. The proposed control strategy is simulated and tested on the CarSim/Simulink joint simulation platform and the CarSim/LabVIEW hardware-in-loop test bench, respectively. The results show that the proposed control strategy can effectively keep the vehicle near the center line of the lane, and both the lane keeping control accuracy and vehicle stability are improved, which guarantees driving safety and comfort.

In this paper, a novel nanocomposite fulvic acid reduced graphene oxide (FA-rGO) and Co-phthalocyanine nanorods (CoPcNRs) was prepared and used to construct an electrochemical sensor for simultaneous detection of catechol (CC), hydroquinone (HQ), phenol (PN) and p-nitrophenol (p-NP). FA as reductant used to prepare FA-rGO nanocomposite, which fabricated by hydrothermal method and freeze-drying process. The method is environmentally friendly and realizes the gentle reduction of GO. CoPcNRs were synthesized by surfactant-assisted ultrasonic method. The microstructure and morphologies of the as-prepared materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The electrochemical oxidation of CC, HQ, PN and p-NP was investigated using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The results show that the FA-rGO/CoPcNRs modified electrode exhibits excellent electrochemical activity toward the simultaneous redox of CC, HQ, PN and p-NP. Under optimal conditions, the linear ranges of CC, HQ, PN and p-NP were 1 μM-650 μM, 2 μM-450 μM, 2 μM-160 μM, 2 μM-140 μM, with 0.3 μM, 0.65 μM, 0.65 μM and 0.65 μM, respectively. In addition, the modified electrode showed good selectivity, sensitivity and stability. The application in real samples was also evaluated, and the recoveries suggesting that FA-rGO/CoPcNRs nanocomposites could be used as an excellent potential reaction platform for the simultaneous determination of CC, HQ, PN and p-NP in environmental samples.

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