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High speed imaging-based knock analysis has mainly focused on time domain information, e.g. the spark triggered flame speed, the time when end gas auto-ignition occurs and the end gas flame speed after auto-ignition. This study presents a frequency domain analysis on the knock images recorded using a high speed camera with direct photography in a rapid compression machine (RCM). To clearly visualize the pressure wave oscillation in the combustion chamber, the images were high-pass-filtered to extract the luminosity oscillation. The luminosity spectrum was then obtained by applying fast Fourier transform (FFT) to three basic colour components (red, green and blue) of the high-pass-filtered images. Compared to the pressure spectrum, the luminosity spectra better identify the resonant modes of pressure wave oscillation. More importantly, the resonant mode shapes can be clearly visualized by reconstructing the images based on the amplitudes of luminosity spectra at the corresponding resonant frequencies, which agree well with the analytical solutions for mode shapes of gas vibration in a cylindrical cavity.

Perovskite Ba 0.5 Sr 0.5 TiO 3 (BST) thin films with a thickness of 300 nm are deposited on high resistivity silicon through pulsed laser deposition. The permittivity of BST is changed by applying an external electrostatic field. Coplanar waveguides (CPWs) are designed to extract the fielddependent permittivity of the film in the frequency range from 1 GHz to 110 GHz. A Subregional Match 3-Dimensional finite element method (SM 3D FEM) is proposed to implement the permittivity extraction. We analysis the electric field distribution in BST film, and thus divide the BST film in a reasonable way in order to achieve the permittivity of each small region in BST film by S-parameters-phase matching. The relative difference between measured and simulated S-parameters-phase is defined to describe the precision of the result. Experimental results show that the relative difference is less than 1.3%. We also found that the permittivity tunability is almost unchanged in a wide frequency domain, the variation of the tunability less than 0.16. The relative dielectric permittivity ξ BST at 0 V equals 1148.9 at 1 GHz and reduces to 311.7 at 110 GHz, and ξ BST at 100 GHz equals 315.8 at 0 V and declines to 193.4 at 30 V. The tunability of BST film is about 38.7% at 100 GHz.

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