Objective Appendicitis is a common surgical emergency. This study aimed to estimate the worldwide burden and trends of appendicitis from 1990 to 2019. Methods Data on appendicitis were derived from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. Incidence and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) data were analyzed at global, regional, and national levels and stratified by sex, age, and socio-demographic index. The estimated annual percentage change and relative change were used to assess changing trends. Pearson’s correlation test was used to assess the correlation between different measures. Results Global incidence grew by 63.55% between 1990 and 2019, age-standardized incidence rate climbed by an estimated percentage change of 0.58 per year, whereas the number of DALY declined by 31.93% during the same period, with an estimated annual percentage change of −2.77. In 2019, the areas of Andean Latin America and the Caribbean had the highest age-standardized rates of incidence and DALYs. While South Asia saw the largest increase in age-standardized incidence rates, Andean Latin America saw the biggest decline in age-standardized rates of incidence and DALYs. At the national level, Bangladesh, Bhutan, and Peru were the top three countries in terms of age-standardized incidence rates in 2019, and Honduras, Haiti, and the Central African Republic held the highest age-standardized DALY rates. Ethiopia experienced the most age-standardized incidence rate increase, and Peru saw the largest decline in age-standardized rate of incidence and DALYs. Significant negative correlations between age-standardized DALY rates and socio-demographic index, between estimated annual percentage change and age-standardized incidence rates, were observed at the national level. Conclusion Appendicitis remains a major global health concern. Although the trends in DALYs decreased, the burden of incidence increased from 1990 to 2019. Policymakers should create health policies adapted to local conditions to manage the burden of appendicitis globally.
Introduction: With mounting evidence, there is a postulation that Hepatitis B Infection may be a risk factor for atherosclerotic diseases. Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) has been found to be significantly associated with subclinical atherosclerotic diseases. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between Hepatitis B core antibody and abdominal aortic calcification. Methods: In this cross-sectional observational study, data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted during 2013–2014 were utilized to investigate the relationship between Hepatitis B core antibody and AAC. The study used dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure AAC and evaluated it using the Kauppila score system. The variable LBXHBC of the NHANES dataset was reviewed to identify patients with positive Hepatitis B core antibody. To assess the association between Hepatitis B core antibody and AAC, multivariate logistic regression mixed models and subgroup analyses were conducted. Results: The 2013–2014 data showed documentation of 288 patients with positive Hepatitis B core antibody. After adjusting for multiple variables, the multivariable odds ratios (95% CI) revealed that severe AAC was correlated with Hepatitis B infection (OR = 1.52, 95%CI [1 ~ 2.3]; p = 0.05), as opposed to the no Hepatitis B group. However, this association was not observed among individuals with mild AAC (OR = 1.22, 95%CI [0.9 ~ 1.65]; p = 0.205). Results were consistent in multiple subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: Individuals who tested positive for Hepatitis B core antibody had a higher likelihood of severe AAC compared to those who tested negative, while no significant association was observed among individuals with mild AAC.
Background Research investigating the correlation between dietary riboflavin intake and cognitive function in older adults is scarce and constrained. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between riboflavin intake levels and cognitive performance in individuals aged 60 years and above in the United States.Methods We analyzed data from 2,255 adults aged 60 years and older who participated in the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and Animal Fluency Test were used to evaluate cognitive performance. Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall method, which reflects recent dietary habits of individuals and groups. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between riboflavin intake and cognitive impairment, and restricted cubic spline analysis was also conducted.Results The study included a total of 2,255 patients, with 47.9% being male. The incidence of low cognitive function was 23.8%. The findings showed that high riboflavin intake was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment in adults in the United States. Compared to those with the lowest intake, individuals with the highest riboflavin intake had a 32% reduction in the correlation between AFT, DSST, and Z-test low cognitive function (OR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.49–0.96, P = 0.028), a 47% reduction in the correlation between DSST low cognitive function (OR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.37–0.77, P = 0.001), and a 44% reduction in the correlation between Z-test low cognitive function (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.39–0.8, P = 0.002). The study also found an L-shaped association between low cognition and riboflavin intake, with an inflection point at approximately 2.984 mg/d.Conclusions Our cross-sectional study supported the negative associations of dietary riboflavin intake with low cognitive function, also showed a L-shaped dose–response relationship with the point of 2.984mg/day.
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