A hybrid B4 active power filter (APF) with reduced switches is proposed in this study, which is composed of a inductance-capacitance (LC) passive filter and a four-switch three-phase inverter (B4 inverter) in series connection. The LC filter is used to supply reactive power, and the active filter is responsible for mitigating the harmonics. Compared with the previous proposed four-switch hybrid APF, it can overcome the drawback of large dc voltage components appearing in the ac capacitors. Basic principles and steady-state analysis of hybrid B4 APF are introduced in detail. A control scheme based on source current detection is presented. Multiple parallel vector resonance controllers are adopted in the current control loop, and the gains of these resonance controllers are optimised by a particle swarm optimisation approach. Experimental results have verified the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid B4 APF.
For microgrids (MGs) with electric vehicle prosumers, effective time-of-use based energy trading is important for multi-vehicles-to-MG system. In this paper, a Stochastic Stackelberg game (SSG) model is proposed. The model is based on the Stackelberg game, where the sellers act as leader and the buyers are considered as follower. First, according to the distributed generation's (DG) output and load distribution, MGs are classified as sellers and buyers, whose strategies set are established separately. Then the utility models of sellers and buyers are established, which include a stochastic variable model for electric vehicles (EVs). Moreover, with the proof of equilibrium and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium, sellers are obligated to coordinate the sharing of energy with maximization of the profit, while the buyers are autonomous to maximize their utilities with demands response to availabilities. Finally, the game equilibrium is solved to deal with the uncertainty of EV's energy and plugging-in time. By using the collected data from realistic EVs, the effectiveness of the model is verified in terms of seller profit, the utilities of buyers, and the net energy usage in MG. The results of the static pricing model and SSG model were compared to demonstrate the effectiveness of the SSG model. INDEX TERMS Multi-microgrid, electric vehicles, energy trading, stochastic Stackelberg game.
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