Residential Microgrids Energy Trading With Plug-In Electric Vehicle Battery via Stochastic Games

Abstract

For microgrids (MGs) with electric vehicle prosumers, effective time-of-use based energy trading is important for multi-vehicles-to-MG system. In this paper, a Stochastic Stackelberg game (SSG) model is proposed. The model is based on the Stackelberg game, where the sellers act as leader and the buyers are considered as follower. First, according to the distributed generation's (DG) output and load distribution, MGs are classified as sellers and buyers, whose strategies set are established separately. Then the utility models of sellers and buyers are established, which include a stochastic variable model for electric vehicles (EVs). Moreover, with the proof of equilibrium and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium, sellers are obligated to coordinate the sharing of energy with maximization of the profit, while the buyers are autonomous to maximize their utilities with demands response to availabilities. Finally, the game equilibrium is solved to deal with the uncertainty of EV's energy and plugging-in time. By using the collected data from realistic EVs, the effectiveness of the model is verified in terms of seller profit, the utilities of buyers, and the net energy usage in MG. The results of the static pricing model and SSG model were compared to demonstrate the effectiveness of the SSG model. INDEX TERMS Multi-microgrid, electric vehicles, energy trading, stochastic Stackelberg game.

Vehicle-to-Vehicle Energy Trading Framework: A Systematic Literature Review

“…Numerical simulations were conducted to prove the effectiveness of the proposed solution. Yue et al [78] introduced a stochastic Stackelberg games (SSG) approach to energy trading between residential microgrids (MGs) and plug-in EVs, incorporating stochastic variables for EVs. They proved the existence and uniqueness of the SSG equilibrium.…”

A Game Theoretical Pricing Mechanism for Multi-Microgrid Energy Trading Considering Electric Vehicles Uncertainty

“…In Bayesian game, Nash equilibrium is defined to each buyer and seller achieve its best response and have no motivation to change its strategies as described in (15).…”

“…However, the influence of EVs on the model is not considered in the literature. Based on the Stackelberg game, [15] established the utility models of sellers and buyers in which include a stochastic variable model for EVs. With the proof of equilibrium and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium, the game equilibrium is solved to deal with the uncertainty of EV's energy and plugging-in time.…”

A Novel Power Market Mechanism Based on Blockchain for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations

“…Reference [11] shows that the electrical energy storage will generate a higher profit if it is cycled more frequently (hence, a higher lifetime electricity output) although the lifetime is reduced due to degradation. Many topics Electronics 2021, 10, 307 2 of 20 are also carried out on the V2G and V2V, some of which have improved the transaction rules [12], discussed behavior planning from the perspective of EV owners [13,14], and considered the economic planning from the perspective of aggregators [15][16][17]. However, these methods cannot change the traditional centralized management pattern and do not give EV owners sufficient autonomy.…”