In this study, the diseased fish samples were collected from fish farms in the nine different dam lakes during the summer months between July 2014 and September 2018. It is isolated twenty-two bacteria from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eyes showing exophthalmos symptoms. All isolates identification was carried out by using conventional biochemical tests, API 20 Strep test kit and PCR test. ATCC 43921 reference strain of the Lactococcus garvieae was used as a positive control. The PCR test was confirmed by using the pLG-1 and pLG-2 reference genes (16S rRNA) specific for the L. garvieae species. As a result of this study, all of the twenty-two isolates isolated from the eyes of diseased rainbow trout were confirmed as L. garvieae by PCR test. According to the results of antibiotic susceptibility test, all of the L. garvieae isolates were resistant to streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim. The same isolates have been determined to be resistant to ampicillin (94.2%), oxytetracycline (72.5%), erythromycin (55.07%), oxolinic acid (43.5%), enrofloxacin (26.09%), doxycycline (20.3%), amoxicillin and florfenicol (8,7%) as well. Thus, florfenicol, amoxicillin, doxycycline, and enrofloxacin were found as the most effective antibiotics.

Here, we identified prognostic factors and propose a prognostic score to estimate survival, which can be applied to all patients independent of tumour site and before initial treatment. Further validation in prospective trials is required.

Plasmapheresis is a well-accepted treatment option in severe hypertriglyceridemia-induced pancreatitis (HTGP). The rationale behind this approach is the depletion of triglycerides and the reduction of inflammatory cytokines. The time span between onset of clinical symptoms and start of plasmapheresis might have an important impact on mortality. Hyperviscosity of patients' plasma represents another special challenge for the applied separation technology. The procedures can be performed either by centrifugal device (CFD) or membrane based (MBS) units. The present study reports the outcome of 10 patients suffering from HTG. The expected mortality of the collective was 25%. Plasmapheresis was started after an average 16.3 h (SD ± 6.7 h) after onset of symptoms. No mortality occurred. Apheresis was statistically equally effective with both devices. A median of 3 sessions reduced the TG level to normal and correlated with patients' improvement. During follow up, three patients developed a pancreatic pseudocyst requiring surgical intervention without further complication.

Öz: Bu çalışmada, Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesi'nde kültürü yapılan gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) çiftliklerinde hastalıklı balıklardan izole edilen Yersinia ruckeri'nin varlığı araştırılmıştır. Hastalık semptomları gösteren balıkların dalak ve böbreklerinden sağlanan örneklerin çoğaltım besi yerlerine ekimleri yapılmıştır. Bu besiyerleri soğutmalı inkübatörde 20±1ºC'de 48 saat süreyle inkübasyona bırakılmıştır. İnkübe edilen bakteri izolatlarında hareket muayenesi, katalaz, oksidaz ve OF besi yerinde oksidatif/fermentasyon testleri yapılmıştır. Bu test sonuçlarına göre API 20E test kiti kullanılarak suşlar biyokimyasal olarak tanımlanmıştır. Kaynatma DNA örnekleri kullanılarak Y. ruckeri izolatları polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu (PZR) ile doğrulanmıştır. Ayrıca, Y. ruckeri Tip 1 antikoru ile yapılan aglütinasyon testine göre serotip O1 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Antibiyotik hassasiyet testleri yapılmıştır. Y. ruckeri izolatların %97.5'i ampisilin'e ve %62.8'i oksitetrasiklin'e karşı dirençli olduğu gösterilmiştir. Bu çalışmayla bölgemizdeki kontamine balık çiftlikleri tespit edilmiştir.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the acute stress responses of Black Sea trout to acute thermal fluctuations. Black Sea trout (184.22 g mean weight) were transferred from a private trout farm to a research center and restocked in a fiberglass square tank. After acclimation to culture conditions (at a water temperature of 15 °C) for 2 weeks, the fish in the experiment were exposed to 25 °C water temperature for 30 min, and the stress responses of the fish were examined at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h. After acute thermal shock, cortisol and glucose levels increased during the first hour in the experimental group. However, cortisol and glucose levels returned to their normal values after 6 and 36 h, respectively. Lysozyme activity decreased at 3 h and rose to its normal level at 12 h after the experiment. Total protein and serum ion concentrations were also affected and fluctuated due to acute thermal stress. Short-term acute thermal exposure also caused a serum ionic imbalance in the trout, but homeostasis was restored at 72 h.

Öz: Bu çalışmada, 0,5-10 gr'lık gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yavrularında öldürücü bir hastalık olan hexamita enfestasyonu Türkiye'nin Doğu Karadeniz bölgesindeki farklı alabalık çiftliklerinde 2006 ve 2012 yılları arasında araştırılmıştır. Aylık olarak 360 hasta balık muayene edilmiştir. En yoğun ölüm oranı ilkbahar ve sonbahar aylarında görülmüş ve enfestasyonları yıl boyu devam etmiştir. Tanı ışık mikroskobunda bağırsaktan alınan dışkı içeriğinde hexamita'nın gözlemlenmesi ile yapılmıştır. Albendazol, metronidazole, trichlorfon, toltrazuril ve magnezyum sülfat gibi farklı kemoterapotiklerin enfestasyonun tedavisi için gökkuşağı yavrularına uygulanmıştır. Albendazol ve metronidazole en etkili tedavi edici olarak bulunmuştur.Anahtar sözcükler: Alabalık, protozoan parazit, hexamita, tanı, tedavi. Identification and Treatment of Hexamitiasis Observed in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) FryAbstract: In this study, hexamitiasis which is a fatal disease in 0.5-10g of rainbow trout fry in different fish farms in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey was investigated between 2006 and 2016. A total of 360 diseased fish was examined monthly. The highest mortality rate in fish was observed in spring and autumn months and their infestation continued throughout the year. Diagnosis was made by observation of the hexamita in feces contents from gut in light microscopy. Different chemotherapeutics such as albendazol, metronidazole, trichlorfon, toltrazuril and magnesium sulphate were applied on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry for treatment of infestation. Albendazol and metronidazole were founded as the most effective treatment.

No abstract

Primary hepatic neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms. While primary hepatic carcinoid tumors (PHCT) are well-differentiated tumors, primary hepatic small-cell carcinomas (PHSCC) represent the poorly differentiated end of the spectrum of neuroendocrine carcinomas. The first patient, suffering from PHCT, has had a follow-up for 32 years and is still alive. Within this time, the tumor relapsed 4 times with unchanged histology and immunohistochemistry features. The second patient suffered from small-cell carcinoma of the liver. There were no risk factors for a hepatocellular carcinoma. An extensive preoperative and postoperative diagnostic investigation could rule out an extrahepatic primary site. Immunohistochemically the tumor was negative for Hepar-1, AFP, TTF1 and CDX2 but reacted positively with CD56 and sporadically with the keratins 8, 18 and 20. A neuroendocrine PHSCC was diagnosed. After neoadjuvant cytostatic treatment the carcinoma was completely extirpated and 18 months after treatment the patient is healthy.PHCT and PHSCC have to be clearly separated from hepatocellular and cholangiocellular carcinomas. Exclusion of an extrahepatic primary site requires an accurate and synoptic analysis of clinical, radiologic and pathologic findings. Surgical resection is the treatment of choice.