TZD use was associated with an increased risk for fractures in women, particularly at ages above 65 yr. Clinicians should be aware of this association when considering TZD therapy so as to appropriately manage and counsel their patients.
Purpose
To investigate the association of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, together and individually on the risk of cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause mortality, using time-updated propensity score adjusted analysis
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a large vertically integrated health system in southeast Michigan. Cohort inclusion criteria included adult patients with diabetes treated with oral medications and followed longitudinally within the health system between January 1, 2000 and December 1, 2006. The primary outcome was fatal and non-fatal acute myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes included hospitalizations for congestive heart failure, fatal and non-fatal cerebrovascular accidents and transient ischemic attacks, combined coronary heart disease events, and all-cause mortality.
Results
19,171 patients were included in this study. Use of TZDs (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] with propensity adjustment [PA], 0.92; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73–1.17), rosiglitazone (aHR with PA, 1.06; 95% CI 0.66–1.70), and pioglitazone (aHR with PA, 0.91; 95% CI 0.69–1.21) was not associated with a higher risk of acute myocardial infarction. However, pioglitazone use was associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality (aHR with PA, 0.60; 95% CI 0.42–0.96). Compared with rosiglitazone, pioglitazone use was associated with a lower risk of all outcomes assessed, particularly congestive heart failure (P = 0.013) and combined coronary heart disease events (P = 0.048).
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that pioglitazone may have a more favorable risk profile when compared to rosiglitazone, arguing against a singular effect for TZDs on cardiovascular outcomes.
Parathyroidectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic PHPT and patients with asymptomatic PHPT who fulfill certain age, bone density, serum calcium, and creatinine criteria. Further research is needed to determine whether patients with prominent cardiovascular and neuropsychiatric manifestations would benefit from such intervention.
Between January 1982 and December 1989, 12 patients with 13 acute extradural haematomas as a result of injury involving the venous sinuses were treated by the first author. The CT scan appearances in 6 cases were remarkable in that there were large bubbles of low density in the hyperdense haematomas and liquid blood was found during the operation. The possible underlying pathophysiological changes that gave rise to this appearance are discussed. The CT scan appearance and the proximity of the clot to the venous sinuses should alert the neurosurgeon to the high probabilities of venous sinus tear such that proper treatment can be offered.
The use of bisphosphonates in treatment of osteoporosis declined significantly over the past decade. There is currently great concern, among patients and physicians, about two potential skeletal adverse effects associated with bisphosphonates- jaw osteonecrosis and atypical femur fractures. This has become a major public health issue since untreated osteoporosis carries a significant burden in terms of fracture-related morbidity and mortality, and bisphosphonates, considered first-line therapy for osteoporosis, have established efficacy in fracture and mortality reduction. Areas covered: In this review we discuss current literature on osteonecrosis of the jaw and atypical femur fractures in patients with osteoporosis treated with bisphosphonates, including case definition, pathogenesis, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, management and prevention. We conducted a literature search using PubMed and PubMed Central, using the search terms 'bisphosphonates', 'osteonecrosis of the jaw', and 'atypical fractures'. We selected relevant articles including meta-analyses, clinical trials, observational studies, and major society guidelines published between 2010 and 2016, to be included in this review. A few articles published prior to 2010 were also included as references. Expert commentary: The rare skeletal side effects of bisphosphonates should not preclude their use in patients with osteoporosis and high fracture risk, as benefits significantly outweigh the risks.
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