The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is one of the most complex ecosystems in nature that are mainly comprised of bacteria and other microbes like fungi, protozoa, and viruses. More than 1000 bacterial species have been reported in the gut microbiome, of which most of these species belong to Firmicutes (31.1%), Proteobacteria (29.5%), Actinobacteria (25.9%), or Bacteroidetes (7.1%) phylum. A symbiotic relationship, which plays a critical role in host health, exists between intestinal microflora and its host. With aging, the intestinal microbiota profile changes are observed, generally characterized by the decrease in biodiversity, carriage of commensals, and enrichment of opportunistic pathogens. The dysbiosis associated with aging in the gut microbiota increases the risk of several diseases. Probiotics are defined as "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host" and play crucial functions in improving gut health and disease in all age groups, particularly the elderly induvial. This review focuses on the promising effects of probiotics on slowing down the aging process, treating age-related diseases, and improving the quality of life in light of the current clinical studies.
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen frequently isolated from food that causes different public health problems. In recent years, antibiotic resistance of pathogens has become an important problem affecting human health. For this reason, it is crucial to develop an alternative to antibiotics. Thus, the antibacterial effects of herbal extracts and essential oils are frequently investigated. In this article, the antibacterial activity of extracts obtained from 16 different herbs using ethanol, chloroform, acetone, and distilled water was evaluated against L. monocytogenes strains. The extract showing the highest antibacterial effect against L. monocytogenes was St. John’s Wort extracted in ethanol (31.72 ±0.52 mm). In addition, Myrtus leaf extracted in ethanol (27.2 ±0.52 mm) and St. John’s Wort extracted in acetone (25.6 ±0.52 mm) showed a high antibacterial effect against L. monocytogenes compared to other extracts. In the study, the solvent ethanol in which St. John’s Wort and Myrtus leaf were extracted showed the highest antibacterial activity. In contrast, the solvent that rosemary extract showed the highest antibacterial effect was acetone. However, the most antibacterial herb extracted in distilled water was peppermint (7.03 ±0.52 mm). The extracts of marjoram and yarrow did not show any antibacterial effect in any solvent used in the study. In conclusion, more studies are needed to determine the antibacterial effects of herbal extracts against pathogens in foods and their use.
The studies on phage applications that provide successful results in biocontrol of foodborne pathogens and offer an environmentally friendly approach have been increasing today. Phages are viruses that can infect and kill the specific target bacterial cell. Salmonella is one of the most important pathogenic microorganisms that leading causes of food-borne illnesses called salmonellosis. Meat products especially chicken meat, fresh eggs, dairy products, ready-to-eat foods, seafood products and all kinds of contaminated food can be cause of salmonellosis. In this review, the phage application studies to control of Salmonella in food systems were summarized taking into account the research studied in recent years.
The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is one of the most complex ecosystems in nature that are mainly comprised of bacteria and other microbes like fungi, protozoa, and viruses. More than 1000 bacterial species have been reported in the gut microbiome, of which most of these species belong to Firmicutes (31.1%), Proteobacteria (29.5%), Actinobacteria (25.9%), or Bacteroidetes (7.1%) phylum. A symbiotic relationship, which plays a critical role in host health, exists between intestinal microflora and its host. With aging, the intestinal microbiota profile changes are observed, generally characterized by the decrease in biodiversity, carriage of commensals, and enrichment of opportunistic pathogens. The dysbiosis associated with aging in the gut microbiota increases the risk of several diseases. Probiotics are defined as "live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host" and play crucial functions in improving gut health and disease in all age groups, particularly the elderly induvial. This review focuses on the promising effects of probiotics on slowing down the aging process, treating age-related diseases, and improving the quality of life in light of the current clinical studies.
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