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Foodborne pathogens affect human health negatively and are known to cause economic losses. Therefore, quick detection of foodborne pathogens and the implementation of measures to ensure their inactivation are of immense significance. Immunological, molecular, and cultural methods are frequently used in the detection of foodborne pathogens. High cost, prolonged analysis times, and the necessity of specialized personnel are some of the disadvantages of these methods. Biosensors are known as analytical devices. The use of biosensors is considered a new approach to quickly detect foodborne pathogens and their toxins. Biosensors, which are capable of converting biological, chemical, or biochemical signals into measurable electrical signals, are systems containing a biological detection material combined with a chemical or physical transducer. Different types of biosensor are being employed for detection of pathogenic bacteria. Biosensors are sensitive, fast, economical, reliable, and portable devices, and are used in many fields such as food safety, medicine, pharmacy, measurement of environmental pollution, and the military defense. Electrochemical and optical biosensors and piezoelectric immunosensors are among the most frequently used biosensors in the detection of foodborne pathogens. In this article, the principle components and requirements for an ideal biosensor, types, and their applications in food industry are summarized.

Essential oils (EOs) are known for its antimicrobial activity against several pathogenic bacteria. The present work evaluated the antimicrobial activity of 15 different EOs on survival of different strains of different Staphyloccocus aureus strains isolated from traditional cheeses by disc diffusion method. The most antimicrobial activity on the strains was found as oil thyme oil (mean zone diameter 23.203 mm). Clove oil and black seed oil had the highest antimicrobial activity after thyme oil with average zone diameters of 13.698 mm and 11.267 mm respectively. Hypericum perforatum L. oil (mean zone 6.209 mm), ginger oil (mean zone 6.250 mm) and garlic oil (mean zone 6.267 mm) were the lowest antimicrobial activity. New studies about antimicrobial effect of EOs in vivo conditions are recommended.

Biogenic amines are nitrogenous organic compounds that can be found in many foods, primarily protein-rich foods, formed by microbial decarboxylation of amino acids or by amination and transamination of aldehydes and ketones. They are formed as a result of the activities of decarboxylase positive microorganisms such as Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc and Enterobacteriaceae family in foods. Histamine, tyramine, putrescine, cadaverine, tryptamine, β-phenylethylamine, spermine and spermidine are the most commonly found biogenic amines in foods. Biogenic amines show toxic effects when taken at high concentrations and can cause important health problems like symptoms of food poisoning such as hypo- and hypertension, migraine, nausea, vomiting, fever and respiratory distress. Despite the toxic effects of the biogenic amines, there is no common legislation yet on the limits of their presence in foods. Increasing interest in safe food nowadays has made it necessary to identify compounds such as biogenic amines. For this purpose, many molecular based techniques have been developed in recent years. In this review, biogenic amines resulting from microbial activities were summarized and discussed these biogenic amines found in food groups and their effect on health.

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