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The experiment was conducted to investigate the factors related to small scale beef fattening programs in three upazilas (Birganj, Kaharul, and Khansama) under Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. Data were collected using an interview schedule from randomly selected 75 farmers who were involved in small scale beef fattening programs. In this study out of the 75 farmers 54.7% are involved in agriculture, 26.7% in business, 13.3% in service and 5.3% in beef fattening. About 44.7% farmers fattened beef for 3 months. Fifty six percent farmers used own capital for beef fattening, 24% took bank loan and remaining farmers lending from others sources. About 57.3% farmers had taken short training on beef fattening whereas about 42.7% did not take any training on beef fattening. More than 34.7% farmers used beef fattening tablets, 28.0% Urea Molasses Straw (UMS), 26.7% used Urea Molasses Block (UMB) in beef fattening. Sixty six percent farmers reported shortages of animal feed, 50% reported lack of credit and 93.3% reported high cost of feed as the major problems of small scale beef fattening. In conclusion, the result of present study would be useful information to farmers and researchers to identify the management of small scale beef fattening practices in Bangladesh.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v23i1-2.16563Progress. Agric. 23(1 & 2): 33 – 38, 2012

Abstract:The experiment was carried out to examine the possibilities of making compost by using layer litter with different bulking materials and to assess the nutritive value of compost. To fulfill the objectives five treatments were considered e.g., anaerobic composting with layer litter (T 1 ), layer litter with straw (T 2 ), layer litter with tree leaves (T 3 ), layer litter with crop residues (T 4 ) and layer litter with saw dust (T 5 ) under soil surface. The samples from composted materials were collected at 0, 10, 20 and 30 days for proximate analysis. At 0 day of layer litter composting DM content did not vary significantly (p>0.01) var ied in all treatments. . At 10 day of layer litter composting DM content was the highest in T 4 (50.0%) and CF content was the highest in T 2 (22.2%) . CP content remained similar varied in all treatments . At 20 day of layer litter composting DM content was highest in T 4 (51.5% ), CP content was the highest in T 4 (19.5%) , CF content was the highest in T 2 (18.0%), Ash content was the highest in T 4 (18.5%) . At 30 day of layer litter composting DM content was the highest in T 2 (51.1%) and CP content was the highest in T 4 (17.6%) . The pH value decreased upto first tendays then gradually increased with the composting period and highest value was obtained by T 1 (8.40) then followed by T 2 (8.20), T 3 (8.15), T 5 (8.10) and T 4 (8.00) (p<0.01) at 30 d of composting. The C/N ratios increased (p<0.01) in all treatments with the advancing of composting period and highest value was obtained in T 4 (27.9) followed by T 1 (26.7), T 5 (26.3), T 3 (26.2) and T 2 (25.3) considerably with the composting period. So, it may be concluded that proximate composition of all samples at 20 days in T 4 treatment was acceptable up to the end of composting period. However, composting layerlitter with crop residues (T 4 ) was more effective compare to other treatments at 20 days of composting in terms of Dry matter, CP content, C/N ration and pH.

Nasal swabs were obtained from 28 adult sheep attended to teaching hospital belong to the College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, which showed rhinitis with serous or mucopurulent nasal discharge. Smears were made on clean glass slides, stained with giemsa and examined by oil immersed lens for cellular assessment. Cells have been counted, percentages and averages then calculated for each type of cells, a statistical comparison of average values have been made between samples of the two types of nasal discharges to identify the significant differences using one way analysis of variance and Dunkan tests at P≤ 0.05. The results showed presence of epithelial cells lining nasal cavity, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and red blood cells at percentages 29.63%, 14.42%, 13.83%, 0.29%, 14.58%, 5.79% and 20.23% respectively at serous nasal discharge samples and at percentages 30.02%, 26.65%, 1.96%, 0.54%, 17.58%, 6.21% and 16.84% respectively at mucopurulent nasal discharge samples. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant elevation in percentage ratio of neutrophils at mucopurulent exudate than serous exudate. We concluded from the current study that most cases of rhinitis examined in sheep had an infectious nature rather than allergic.

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