A significant feature of Pakistan's agriculture is that it is served by the Indus irrigation system, which is one of the largest contiguous irrigation systems in the world. The system comprises of the Indus River and its tributaries, three major storage reservoirs, 19 barrages/headworks, 43 canals, and 12 link canals and 43 canals covering about 43,000 chaks or village settlements. The total length of the canal system is about 40,000 miles with over 80,000 water courses, field channels ' and ditches running for another million miles. About 100--106 million acre feet (MAP) of surface irrigation supplies are diverted annually into the canal system. Only 60 percent of this water reaches the farmgate due mainly to low efficiency in the delivery of water. The historical review of the area, production and yield trends shows that agricultural production in the past has increased mainly due to expansion in irrigated acreage while the contribution of changes in yields has been insignificant. In general, agricultural production can be increased by either expanding the irrigated cropped area or by raising the crop yields. It is highly unlikely that Pakistan will be able to satisfy the food needs of the rapidly increasing population through yield increases alone. This means that there ia a need to increase the irrigated cropped area through additional water supplies and by improving the efficiency of water use through using the water resources in a scientific manner.
Purpose: To assess the analgesic role of neuroleptics in hyperglycemic state.Methods: Amytryptiline and carbamazepine were selected for study. This study was carried out at Pharmacology lab, Institute of Research Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Karachi, and comprised of male and female mice, half of which were made diabetic by giving Alloxan. The objective of this study is to monitor the effects of neuroactive agents on analgesic activity in hyperglycemic mice. Results:It was observed that Amytryptiline exhibited highly significant analgesic effect in normal as compared to diabetic subjects. It was also observed that both amytryptiline and carbamazepine produce more rapid onset of action and longer duration of action in normal animals when compared with diabetic animals. Conclusion:The present work on normal and diabetic animals show that both Carbamazepine and Amytryptiline in normal animals produce rapid onset and longer duration of action when compared with diabetic animals.
The objective of this study was to assess the demographic profile, severity of patient, co morbidity, length of stay (LOS) and management of community acquired pneumonia. The study was a prospective study and consist of 212 patients (>20 years of age) with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) hospitalized to the tertiary care hospital, situated in Karachi between 1st January, 2010 and 31st March, 2012. Information related to demography and socioeconomic condition (gender, age, education, occupation and household income) and clinical details includes, evaluating severity using pneumonia severity index (PSI) score, laboratory finding, initial antibiotics prescribed, and hospital stay were composed. Demographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics which is presented as percentage, frequencies, range and means. 116 (54.7%) patients had less severe pneumonia; 60 (28.3%) patients had moderately severe CAP and 36 (16.98%) patients had severe pneumonia. Commonly prescribed monotherapy of antibiotics initially on hospitalization were intravenous ceftriaxone 36 (16.98%). We recommend prospective multicenter setting studies to analyze the prevalence and burden of CAP in Pakistan. Improved assessment and proper utilization of guidelines is mandatory in the management of patients admitted with CAP.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered as a major public health concern to the medical community. COPD is associated with episodic exacerbations which are evident as enhanced dyspnea, worsening of lung function, cough and production of sputum. Objectives: To assess 126 COPD exacerbated patients in a tertiary care hospital of Karachi, Pakistan. Study Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Various wards of tertiary care Ziauddin Hospitals. Period: November 2016 to April 2017. Methods: Patients were classified into Type I, II and III exacerbation. Consent was taken from patients' caregivers, while hospital permission was also obtained. At the time of study all the patients were receiving appropriate therapy and patients were clinically in stable condition. Data collection was performed by thorough reviewing and recording the data from patients' medical records. Also, the questionnaire was filled by the principal investigator to collect three evaluation parameters including MMRC Dyspnea Scale Score, Bode Index and Dose Index Scoring System. Data was expressed in terms of percentages.Direct medical costs were also determined in Rupees (Rs.) of these patients. Results: Results indicated that most of the male patients were found to have exacerbation. It was found that patients having smoking habits were found to have higher frequency of COPD exacerbation (Type I, 11 (8.730 %); Type II, 36 (28.571 %); Type III, 40 (31.746 %)) as compared to non smokers. Major complaints which were found in 126 patients were shortness of breath, fever, cough and increased sputum. It was found that most common comorbid diseases found in 126 patients were hypertension, diabetes mellitus and tuberculosis. In this study, the direct cost analysis of 126 COPD exacerbated patients were also carried out. Conclusion: Present study indicated multiple indicators for repeated exacerbations in COPD. Which in terns increase the treatment costs for the patients.
Background: The Ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common condition with inflammation of lungs. The patients on mechanical ventilation or artificial breathings for 48 to 72 hours tend to developed this condition., which is a type of Nosocomial Pneumonia. Objective: To assess the causative agent and treatment pattern among the patients suffering from ventilator associated pneumonia. Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted for the period of 8 months at a tertiary health care setup of the Karachi Pakistan among the patient’s with VAP. Total of 72 patients with confirmed diagnosis of VAP were included in the study. Data was collected from the children intensive care units on a structed questionnaire. The required variables were obtained from the patients files/Records after the ethical approval was obtained before the collection of data Results were evaluated using the SPSS version 20.0. Results: The study found out that the VAP is most type of hospital acquired pneumonia form the health care system., showed 59.8% (n=61) males and 34.3% (n=35) females’ patients with VAP diagnosis. The age group revealed majority of the patients 46.1% (n=47) were 0–1-year-old, 11.8% (n=12) patients were above 2- 3 years old. 18.6% patients (n=19) were >3 years-4years old. The study also assesses ventilators support >48 hours have around 20-30% (Mean 6.9 days CI: 1.16-3.65) chance to develop the VAP. The subsequent effects of VAP shows the two-fold rates of mortality hence requiring the more length of stay at hospital and extra charges. Conclusion: The VAP occurs among the considerable numbers of patients on the ventilator supports, the findings suggests that an appropriate management, prevention strategies and effective treatment is needed to reduces the mortality and complications of VAP.
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