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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has long been used to treat various pathological conditions like arthritis, gout, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Although exploring the effective anti-inflammatory agents possessing antioxidant along with pain relieving properties is still challenging. Acetamide-containing compounds are known to possess analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, xanthine oxidase, and analgesic activity of an acetamide derivative, N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Acetamide. In-vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities were assessed by protein denaturation inhibition and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, respectively. Xanthine oxidase potential was also evaluated. In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the Formalin-induced paw edema method and analgesic potential was evaluated by an acetic acid-induced writhing test. Results of in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity showed significant (p< 0.001) inhibition of protein denaturation by N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Acetamide at both100 and 300 µg/ml. It also exhibited high radical scavenging activity (88.16%) by DPPH at 300 µg/ml. In-vivo Formalin-induced paw edema method revealed significant (p < 0.05) inhibition of paw edema when compared with control and formalin groups. Likewise, NA-2 also significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the number of writhes in the Acetic acid-induced writhing test. Moreover, in both aforementioned in-vivo tests, NA-2 showed comparable results with Indomethacin (10 mg/kg). This study demonstrates that N-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) Acetamide possesses substantial anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic activity.

The objective of this study was to assess the demographic profile, severity of patient, co morbidity, length of stay (LOS) and management of community acquired pneumonia. The study was a prospective study and consist of 212 patients (>20 years of age) with community acquired pneumonia (CAP) hospitalized to the tertiary care hospital, situated in Karachi between 1st January, 2010 and 31st March, 2012. Information related to demography and socioeconomic condition (gender, age, education, occupation and household income) and clinical details includes, evaluating severity using pneumonia severity index (PSI) score, laboratory finding, initial antibiotics prescribed, and hospital stay were composed. Demographic, socioeconomic and clinical variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics which is presented as percentage, frequencies, range and means. 116 (54.7%) patients had less severe pneumonia; 60 (28.3%) patients had moderately severe CAP and 36 (16.98%) patients had severe pneumonia. Commonly prescribed monotherapy of antibiotics initially on hospitalization were intravenous ceftriaxone 36 (16.98%). We recommend prospective multicenter setting studies to analyze the prevalence and burden of CAP in Pakistan. Improved assessment and proper utilization of guidelines is mandatory in the management of patients admitted with CAP.

Background: The role of Ethno-pharmacology is important to discover the new biologically active compounds. The process usually starts with searching of useful plants from different records to the development of methods for the industrial production of drugs. World Health Organization (WHO) states that more than 80% of population of the world makes the use of plants for the treatment of diseases. The extensive use of plants for therapeutic purposes has the history of centuries. Herbal pharmaceuticals have treated many diseases and confirmed the importance of medicinal plants on curative ground. The aim of this study was to evaluate in-vitro antibacterial activity of traditionally used Acacia nilotica by aqueous and Ethanolic extraction, against Lactobacilli casei. Methodology: Disc diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to the Kirby-Bauer method to assess the presence of antibacterial activities of Ethanolic and Aqueous extracts of Acacia nilotica, against Lactobacillus casei. Results: It was found that Ethanolic extracts have antibacterial activity which was close to the positive controls (standards) of the study; 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite and 2% Chlorhexidine. Conclusion: it was concluded that Ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica, possesses antibacterial activity against Lactobacillus casei.

It is not new in medical history to propose a global concern to be classified as a disease. Defining a concern into disease allows to assign ethical responsibilities to develop powerful and effective interventions. It also allow to appropriate distribute the resources uniformly economically and morally. In 2003, World Health Organization report stated that 30-50 % of patients do not take their medications as prescribed associated with morbidity, mortality and health cost. It was considered a global concern, however, irrespective of decades of researches conducted on medication adherence, we are still unable to state that medication adherence issues are being resolved. In this review, we have described few apprehensions in current understandings of medication adherence that have limited its research. We have also proposed medication adherence as disorder and provided its&rsquo; definition and classification

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Purpose: To assess the analgesic role of neuroleptics in hyperglycemic state.Methods: Amytryptiline and carbamazepine were selected for study. This study was carried out at Pharmacology lab, Institute of Research Pharmaceutical sciences, University of Karachi, and comprised of male and female mice, half of which were made diabetic by giving Alloxan. The objective of this study is to monitor the effects of neuroactive agents on analgesic activity in hyperglycemic mice. Results:It was observed that Amytryptiline exhibited highly significant analgesic effect in normal as compared to diabetic subjects. It was also observed that both amytryptiline and carbamazepine produce more rapid onset of action and longer duration of action in normal animals when compared with diabetic animals. Conclusion:The present work on normal and diabetic animals show that both Carbamazepine and Amytryptiline in normal animals produce rapid onset and longer duration of action when compared with diabetic animals.

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