Methicillin resistant -Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an organism responsible for causing deadly infections in man, poultry and several other animal species. Ever since the discovery of MRSA in decade of 1960's, it has been isolated and reported in live poultry birds and their meat products worldwide. Strikingly, MRSA recovered from poultry share a common ancestry with MRSA isolates of human and animal origin. Furthermore, MRSA colonizes the skin and mucous membranes of both man and poultry. This colonizing ability of MRSA is not only a cause of nonresponsive infections in poultry but it can also be transferred to the humans handling birds at farms and slaughter houses. Moreover, the consumers of poultry meat can also acquire its infection. The cases of cross infections of MRSA between poultry and human has been reported. However, the most important difficulty to control MRSA and its interspecies transmission is the irrational use of antimicrobial drugs and inadequate biosecurity measures. Therefore, rational usage of antimicrobials and good biosecurity measures need to be adopted for prevention and control of zoonotic MRSA infections. This paper reviews the existing status of MRSA in poultry as a possible threat of zoonosis.
Human and animal health care workers around the world are sounding the alarm for the development of new antibiotics to counter the ever-growing menace of multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. However, there are increasing numbers of reports regarding extremely drug-resistant bacteria for which there are limited or no therapeutic options. So far the drug discovery has failed to keep pace with the rapidly evolving microbes which has resultantly lead to innovation gap related to development and marketing of new antibiotics. Moreover, microbial resistance towards antimicrobials is a way complex and multifaceted mechanism. Nevertheless, many strategies may be employed to minimize the impact and emergence of resistance. Use of antimicrobial adjuvants are one of such effective strategies. These adjuvants are chemically active moieties that have slight to no antibiotic action but may block antimicrobial resistance or boost action of antimicrobial. They are therefore administered along with antimicrobials and may be divided broadly into two important groups: The Class I agents having direct action on microbe, whereas Class II agents having direct action on host defense mechanisms to potentiate antimicrobial action. Antimicrobial adjuvants are a mean to suppress the emergence of bacterial resistance as well as rescue the antimicrobial activity of present drugs in a cost-effective manner, presenting an orthogonal approach to new antibiotic discovery.
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