We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional study among children aged <5 years in Thi-Qar Governorate, south-eastern Iraq, in order to examine the prevalence, risk factors and antimicrobial resistance associated with gastroenteritis caused by Salmonella infection. From 320 diarrhoea cases enrolled between March and August 2016, 33 (10·3%, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8·4-12·4) cases were stool culture-positive for non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica. The most commonly identified serovar was Typhimurium (54%). Multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of Salmonella infection in children from households supplied by pipe water was 4·7 (95% CI 1·6-13·9) times higher compared with those supplied with reverse osmosis treated water. Similarly, children from households with domestic animals were found to have a higher odds (OR 10·5; 95% CI 3·8-28·4) of being Salmonella stool culture-positive. The likelihood of Salmonella infection was higher (OR 3·9; 95% CI 1·0-6·4) among children belonging to caregiver with primary vs. tertiary education levels. Lower odds (OR 0·4; 95% CI 0·1-0·9) of Salmonella infection were associated with children exclusively breast fed as compared with those exclusively bottle fed. Salmonella infection was three times lower (95% CI 0·1-0·7) in children belonging to caregiver who reported always washing hands after cleaning children following defecation, vs. those belonging to caregivers who did not wash hands. The antimicrobial resistance profile by disc diffusion revealed that non-susceptibility to tetracycline (78·8%), azithromycin (66·7%) and ciprofloxacin (57·6%) were the most commonly seen, and 84·9% of Salmonella isolates were classified as multi-drug resistant. This is the first study on prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella infection among children in this setting. This work provides specific epidemiological data which are crucial to understand and combat paediatric diarrhoea in Iraq.

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Cholera is an acute disease caused by Vibrio cholerae; it’s affected to all aged groups. Cholera infection is outbreaks in Iraq as reported for several years. The recent cholera outbreak, emerged throughout 2015-2016, was investigated by using bacteriological laboratory tests, singleplex and multiplex PCR technique for the detection of V. cholerae from stool samples. Furthermore the antibiotic susceptibility test for cholera was also investigated coupled with the toxigenic potential. A total of Twenty Vibrio cholerae isolates were isolated from diarrheal patients in Thi-Qar province. These isolates were diagnosis by conventional biochemical test, API20 E system and molecular methods by using 16SrRNA. The isolates were characterized for gene traits; antimicrobial susceptibility. The results appeared all 20 isolates were positive for 16S rRNA. Multiplex PCR analysis revealed that 65%, 35% and 15% of isolates were positive for tox R, tcp and ctx B genes respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing to isolates revealed high levels of resistance to ampicillin (100%), nalidixic acid (90%), sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim (80%), tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (55%) and chloramphenicol (45%) in addition to increase the prevalence of multidrug resistant (MDR) between Vibrio cholerae isolates.

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The current study was designed,to estimate of, serum sugar, serum urea and lipid profile of tuberculosis patients in comparison with healthy subjects .Twenty eight TB patients (15 men and 13 female) random, and twenty three healthy subjects(13 men and 10 female) (control group) were used in this study. The results showed that serum sugar was non significantly (p<0.89) higher than control group, serum sugar value was raised with increase of age , and it was no significantly increased (P<0.909) in Women compared with Men. While, the serum urea was significantly lower (P<0.000) than control group , serum urea level was decreased with increase of age and it was no significantly increased (p<0.189) in Men compared with Women. Serum cholesterol in TB patients were no significantly (P<.00.0) higher than healthy subjects , TC level was decreased with increase of age and it was no significantly increased (P<0.418) in Women compared with Men .Tiglycerides (TG) was no significantly (P<.0..0) lower than healthy subjects,. TG level was no differences with the age, and it was non significantly increased (P<0.394) in Women compared with Men. High density lipoproteins (HDL) was no significantly lower (P<0.154) than healthy subjects,. HDL level was no differences with the age, and it was no significantly increased (P<0.019) in Women compared with Men. Low density lipoproteins LDL in TB patients were no significantly (P<0.634) higher than healthy group, LDL level was significantly decreased with increase of age and it was no significantly increased (P<0.577) in Men compared with Women. very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) was no significantly lower (P<0.89) than healthy subjects,.VLDL level was no differences with the age, and it was no significantly increased (p< 0.394)in Women compared with Men.

This study was conducted to assess the physical, chemical properties and pathological microbial contamination in the Euphrates River in Nasiriya city, southern Iraq, and three stations were chosen in the study area of 6 km for the period from the fall of 2018 until the summer of 2019. Samples were collected during this period. The first station was north of Nasiriya governorate. The second station is located in the center of the governorate. The third is located in the south of Al-Nasiriya Governorate, about 4 km from the second station. The study included measuring some physical, chemical and microbial properties of river water. It also included measuring the concentration of some physical analyzes including color, odor, temperature and turbidity. Chemical analysis included pH, BOD5, and COD. Pathogenic bacteria analyses included Salmonella enterica, E. coli pseudomonas aeroginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aurous, and Klebseilla spp. AST in our study revealed high levels of resistance to ampicillin (100%), nalidixic acid (90%), sulfamethoxazole- trimethoprim (80% (Tetracycline and ciprofloxacin (55%) and Chloramphenicol (45%).