The limited irrigation areas in the KBR, as well as the lack of a clear technology for the cultivation of this crop in film greenhouses using irrigation regimes and mineral fertilizers strongly affect the development and production of early tomatoes. In this regard, our research was devoted to the cultivation of tomatoes under irrigation conditions with the selection of the optimum doses of mineral fertilizers in spring film greenhouses. In the KBR settlements, vegetable crops are mainly grown in film greenhouses, which have numerous advantages over block greenhouses, mainly due to the cheapness of production several times over. Tomato seedlings were planted on April 10. Analysis of the data showed that the duration of the growing season increases on variants with optimum water and nutrient regimes of the soil, which led to higher quality products. This created favorable conditions for greater productivity of tomato fruits. Studies showed that the number of fruits and their weight on one plant were maximum according to the variants of the experiment on soil moisture content of 80% of normal moisture. The maximum value was obtained with a dose of mineral nutrition N190P160K120.
To receive a high-quality competitive and environmentally friendly product, you need a well-thought-out agricultural technology, high level of biosecurity and spatial isolation. To develop an effective technology for growing environmentally friendly new potatoes, in the soil and climatic conditions of the high-altitude zone of Kabardino-Balkaria, scientific work was carried out, taking into account the achievements of modern agriculture. In the conditions of the mountain zone, nature has created a clean phytosanitary zone, in which you can get high-quality, environmentally friendly products without increasing their cost. The production process in this case will exclude the control of diseases and pests that in this zone will not exceed the economic threshold of harmfulness. In potato seed production, the initial stage was the use of improved material for growing a regenerating plant from the meristem, propagated in sterile, laboratory conditions for further cloning. With such seed material that is initially free of pathogens, it is much easier to get organic products. According to various estimates, the cost of producing environmentally friendly products in agriculture is 2.5-3 times higher than the cost of traditional production, and as a result, the cost of products increases. The analysis of economic efficiency showed that the increase in net income depends on the received potato yield and the sale price of new potatoes.
Работа выполнена в условиях предгорной зоны Кабардино-Балкарского района при недостаточном и неустойчивом увлажнении. Для опытов использовались современные системы капельного орошения. По результатам опытов видно как орошение влияет на развитие и продуктивность растений сладкой кукурузы. В исследованиях использовали пять вариантов уровня орошения. После проведения анализа полученных данных выявили наиболее оптимальную норму орошения и рекомендовали использовать в дальнейшем при производстве сахарной кукурузы. Наблюдения показали, что в начале вегетации фазы роста у растений сахарной кукурузы проходили на всех вариантах одинаково, появление всходов отмечалось за годы исследований на 8-11 сутки. В дальнейшем, с изменением условий влагообеспеченности наблюдалось различие в датах наступления основных фаз вегетации. На втором варианте фазы роста практически совпадали с контрольным вариантом, но фазы цветения початков и технической спелости увеличились на одни сутки. На третьем и четвертом вариантах основные фазы вегетации сократились на 1-2 суток в сравнении с контролем. На варианте без орошения шло наиболее ускоренное развитие этой культуры, и техническая спелость наступила на 4-7 суток раньше, чем на других вариантах опыта. Прибавка урожая от уровня орошения следовала той же закономерности с уменьшением уровня соответствия количества получаемой влаги потребностям растений величина получаемой прибавки урожая снижалась. На контрольном варианте прибавка урожая товарных початков от орошения составила 9,6 т/га или 89, в т. ч. зерна 4,18 т/га или 94, а на втором варианте она возросла соответственно до 12,3 и 5,55 т/га, что в процентном отношении составило 114 и 125.The work was performed in the conditions of the submontane zone of the Kabardino-Balkarian region with insufficient and unstable moisture. Modern drip irrigation systems were used for the experiments. The results of the experiments show how irrigation has an effect on the development and productivity of sweet corn plants. The studies used five variants of the irrigation level. After analyzing the data obtained, the most optimal irrigation rate was identified and recommended to be used in the future for the production of sugar corn. Observations showed that at the beginning of the growing season, the growth phases of sugar corn plants were the same for all variants, the emergence of seedlings was noted on 8-11 days during the years of research. Later, with changes in moisture conditions, there was a difference in the dates of onset of the main phases of vegetation. In the second variant, the growth phases almost coincided with the control variant, but the phases of corn cobs flowering and technical ripeness enlarged by one day. In the third and fourth variants, the main phases of vegetation were reduced by 1-2 days in comparison with the control. In the non-irrigated version, the most accelerated development of this crop took place, and technical ripeness occurred 4-7 days earlier than in other versions of the experiment. The increase in yield depending on the level of irrigation followed the same pattern with a decrease in the level of correspondence of the amount of received moisture to the needs of plants, the value of the resulting crop increase decreased. In the control version, the increase in the yield of commercial corn cobs from irrigation was 9.6 t / ha or 89, including grain 4.18 t / ha or 94, and in the second version, it increased to 12.3 and 5.55 t / ha respectively, which in percentage terms amounted to 114 and 125.
Plant growth regulators, which helps to activate the initial growth and accelerate the development of plants, stimulate tuber formation, increase the resistance of potatoes to unfavorable soil and climatic conditions, increase the yield and biochemical quality indicators of potato tubers, have great opportunities for increasing potato productivity. Research was carried out on the development of a technological system for regulating the growth and development of potatoes through the complex use of growth regulators in combination with microbiological preparations in the highlands of the KBR. The positive effect of growth regulators on the development of the assimilation surface and root system of potatoes was revealed. Growth regulators have a positive effect on the creation of a pigment background in potato leaves. At the same time, a significant increase in chlorophyll z, chlorophyll b and carotenoids is observed when using Agrovin Micro Agrovin Mg-Zn-B and is equal to 121.4, respectively; 46.4 and 46 mg%, up 21.4; 23.2 and 31.0% above the control variant. The use of PP has a prolonged effect on the growth, development and biochemical composition of potato tubers. The complex use of the drug significantly increases the number, size and weight of tubers, which allows to increase the yield by 30%, improve the biochemical composition of tubers in terms of dry matter and starch content. The use of growth regulators promotes the output of seed fraction tubers by 56% more than the control variant.
Plants' nutritional elements have great opportunities to increase the yield of cereals, which contribute to the activation of initial growth and accelerate plants' development, stimulate the plumpness and grain formation, increase grain resistance to adverse soil and climatic conditions, increase productivity and biochemical qualitative indicators. In modern conditions, designing a technological system for regulating the growth and development of winter durum wheat by complex mineral fertilizers' application in steppe conditions of CBR is very relevant. The positive influence of nutritional elements on the development and root system of cereals has been revealed. Seeds of modern durum wheat varieties have high nutritional and taste qualities. The main direction of increasing winter durum wheat production is the introduction of new high-yielding varieties into production and their cultivation according to intensive technology with reasonable doses and norms of nutrients.
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