Clinical research indicates that negative calcium balance is associated with low bone mass, rapid bone loss, and high fracture rates. However, some studies revealed that not only calcium is involved in bone strengthening as risk factor of fracture osteoporosis. Thus, in this report, the difference of metallic and nonmetallic elements in osteoporosis and normal bones was studied by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS). The influence of these elements on bone metabolic processes is also discussed. Inclusion criteria of bone samples consist of postmenopausal woman, trabecular bone fracture, normal and osteoporosis BMD value, and no history of previous disease. The results showed that the concentration of B, Al, S, V, Co, Mo, Te, Ba, La, Ni, As, and Ca/P ratio is higher in osteoporosis than normal. These atomic minerals have negative role to imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation activity. Conversely, concentrations of Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cr, Pd, Ag, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Pb, and Se are lower in osteoporosis than in normal bones. Among these atoms, known to have important roles in bone structure, we found involvement of atomic mineral and calcium which are considerable to contribute to osteoporotic phenomena.

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Hydroxyapatite is chemically related to the inorganic component of bone matrix as a complex structure with the formula of Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6. Previous studies have reported the application of microsized hydroxyapatite to bone regeneration, but the result is not satisfied. The limitation comes from the size of hydroxyapatite. In addition, the duration of treatment is very long. The advantages of hydroxyapatite nanocrystal are the osteoconduction, bioresorption, and contact in close distance. Crystal in osteoporotic bone is calcium phosphate hydroxide with the chemical formula of Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6. Crystal of normal bone is sodium calcium hydrogen carbonate phosphate hydrate with the chemical formula of Ca8H2(PO4)6 ·H2O–NaHCO3–H2O. The recent development is applying nanobiology approach to hydroxyapatite. This is based on the concept that the mineral atoms arranged in a crystal structure of hydroxyapatite can be substituted or incorporated by the other mineral atoms. In conclusion, the basic elements of hydroxyapatite crystals, composed of atomic minerals in a certain geometric pattern, and their relationship to the bone cell biological activity have opened opportunities for hydroxyapatite crystals supplement application on osteoporosis. Understanding of the characteristics of bone hydroxyapatite crystals as well as the behavior of mineral atom in the substitution will have a better impact on the management of osteoporosis.

Rumah Sakit merupakan tempat kerja serta tempat berkumpulnya orang-orang sehat (petugas dan pengunjung) dan orang- orang sakit (pasien) sehingga rumah sakit merupakan tempat kerja yang mempunyai risiko tinggi terhadap penyakit akibat kerja maupun penyakit akibat kecelakaan kerja. Resiko kontak dengan agen penyakit menular, dengan darah dan cairan tubuh maupun tertusuk jarum, instrumen tajam yang dapat berperan sebagai tranmisi berbagai penyakit, seperti hepatitis B, HIV/AIDS, perawat merupakan petugas kesehatan terbanyak dengan komposisi hampir 60% dari seluruh petugas kesehatan di rumah sakit dan salah satu profesi yang sering terkena penyakit akibat kerja karena perawat tenaga kesehatan yang 24 jam berada di samping dan bersentuhan dengan pasien, terlebih perawat bedah yang bekerja di kamar operasi yang banyak melakukan tindakan dengan memakai instrumen tajam, suasana kerja dengan tekanan stres yang tinggi, kelelahan yang berpotensi menyebabkan kecelakaan kerja. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa factor-faktor perilaku terhadap kepatuhan penggunaan alat pelindung diri (APD) pada perawat bedah di Instalasi Bedah Sentral RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode observasional analitik dengan rancangan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian ini, yaitu seluruh perawat bedah di IBS RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin, Sedangkan pengambilan sampel berdasarkan metode Simple Ramdom Sampling, menggunakan rumus cross sectional study dengan jumlah sampel 81 orang. Data dianalisa  menggunakan uji regresi logistik dengan  model backward stepwise conditional. Hasil uji analisa regresi logistik, yang paling berpengaruh terhadap variabel kepatuhan adalah variabel pengawasan dengan nilai koefisien regresi sebesar 0,700  (70,0%) dan variabel ketersediaan APD dengan nilai kofisien regresi sebesar 0,678 (67,8%). Berdasarkan uji simultan adalah 84,1%, sangat kuat bahwa kepatuhan perawat bedah benar-benar nyata/signifikan dipengaruhi faktor perilaku yang menjadi variabel dalam penelitian ini yaitu : sikap, lama kerja, pengawasan, ketersediaan APD, teman sejawat, persepsi dan hanya 15,9% saja faktor lain di luar variabel-variabel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yang bisa mempengaruhi kepatuhan perawat dalam menggunakan APD di IBS RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin.Kesimpulan penelitian ini bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pengawasan perawat dan ketersediaan APD terhadap kepatuhan penggunaan APD di IBS RSUD Ulin Banjarmasin. Oleh karena itu pengawasan dan ketersediaan APD di IBS RSUD Ulin  perlu dipertahankan  dan ditingkatkan lagi sehingga kepatuhan penggunaan APD ini dapat menjadi budaya dalam bekerja khususnya di kamar operasi, hal ini dapat mencegah penyakit akibat kerja (PAK) dan Kecelakaan Akibat Kerja (KAK).

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Objective: This study aimed to elucidate whether inhalation particulate matter 10 (PM10) of coal dust changes mesostructure, bone mineral elements, and turnover markers of rats. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups; one non-inhaled group and three coal dust exposed groups (concentration 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/m3/h/day for 28 days). Femur mesostructure were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. Bone mineral elements was assayed by X-ray fluorescence. Osteocalcin and C-telopeptide of type I collagen were analyzed by ELISA. ANOVA test was used to analyze the difference level of all markers. Results: Mesostructure of non-inhaled rats presented rod like trabeculae with honey comb appearance and minimal hole. Disregular integrity of trabeculae and reduction of trabecular integrity, increasing porocity were found at coal dust exposed groups. The level of osteocalcin and C-telopeptide of type I collagen were significantly lower in coal dust exposed groups compared to control group. The levels of phosphorus and nickel were significantly lower in coal dust exposed groups compared to control group. Conclusion: The present study reported that sub-chronic inhalation of coal dust PM10 changes bone mesostructure, phosporus and nickel levels in bone, and bone turnover markers of rats’ femur. [J Exp Integr Med 2013; 3(2.000): 153-158

Background: Laparoscopy induces adhesion due to ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, the detail pathomechanism is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of laparoscopy on mast cell and mesothelium morphological changes in the rat. Methods: Forty-nine males of Sprague-Dawley Rattus norvegicus were divided into four groups: a) control and b) intervention groups P1, P2, and P3 that underwent 60 min laparoscopic using carbon dioxide (CO 2) insufflation at 8, 10, and 12 mmHg groups, respectively. Serum hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels were determined 24 h after laparoscopy. Histopathological analyses of mast cell infiltration and degranulation and mesothelium thickness in the liver, greater omentum, mesenterium, small intestine, and peritoneum were performed 7 days after the procedure. Results: H 2 O 2 , MDA, and OSI levels were significantly increased in the intervention groups compared with the control (p<0.05), while the SOD and CAT levels were decreased in the intervention groups compared with the control (p<0.05). Mast cell infiltration and degranulation were higher in the intervention groups than in control (p< 0.05), while the mesothelium thickness was significantly lower in the laparoscopic groups than in control (p<0.05). Interestingly, the decrease in mesothelium thickness was strongly associated with the increase in mast cell infiltration and degranulation (p<0.01). Conclusions: Our study shows that laparoscopy in rats increases mast cell infiltration and degranulation, which also results in and correlates with a decrease in mesothelial thickness.