The problem of the availability of clean and safe water in Indonesia has increased during global climate change. The conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic also have an impact on increasing domestic water use. This study aims to assess drinking water access in household during COVID-19 pandemic. This study using data of National Household of Drinking Water Quality Survey. The survey conducted in 2020 of 21,829 household in Indonesia. Many households have increased water consumption, households for hand washing (49.6% HH), personal hygiene (37.2% HH), clean house (29.2% HH), and washing (33.9% HH). There are only 1.6% of HH have difficulty accessing drinking water source, 1.3% in urban area and 2.0% in rural area. The cause is 76.1% because of decreased water flow and 42.1% because of economic problems. Drinking water sources used by household who has difficulty accessing drinking water are piped water (26.8%), refill water (16.8%), and bore hole (13.6%). Only few of household difficult to access drinking water during COVID-19 pandemic, meanwhile there are increasingly of drinking water needs. It is suggested that the municipal government form a public-private partnership (PPP) to invest in immediate and long-term water infrastructure in order to strengthen the resilience of drinking water systems against future pandemics.
The availability of safe drinking water remains a challenge in Indonesia. Packaged water in bottles or refillable containers has been increasingly popular as an alternative to good-quality drinking water. This study aimed to identify the reasons for the selection, management, and factors that influenced bottled and refilled water use in Indonesia. A cross-sectional Household Drinking Water Quality (HDWQ) study was conducted in 34 Indonesian provinces in 2020 involving 7,236 households as analyzed samples. The data analysis also included the 2020 National Socioeconomic Survey data to obtain households' socioeconomic status. As many as 68 and 63% of households consumed good-quality bottled and refilled water, respectively. Health was the reason for 29% of households choosing good-quality bottled water, while 49% of households selected good-quality refilled water out of habit. Several factors related to the consumption of fine-quality packaged water were high social status, water physical quality, ease of access, health reason, monthly expenses to buy drinking water, and storing water in manufactured containers. Packaged water, whether bottled or refilled, does not guarantee good physical and chemical quality. Therefore, to ensure good quality, the water storage should be kept from contamination.
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