Background Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. MethodsWe used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30-79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age.Findings The number of people aged 30-79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306-359) million women and 317 (292-344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584-668) million women and 652 (604-698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55-62) of women and 49% (46-52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43-51) of women and 38% (35-41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20-27) for women and 18% (16-21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including

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Background Based on Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) conducted by Ministry of Health, Indonesia, prediabetes prevalence tends to increase from 2007 until 2018. The numbers are relatively higher in rural than those in urban area despite of small discrepancies between the two (~ 2–4%). The purpose of this study was to identify urban-rural differences in potential determinants for prediabetes in Indonesia. Methods This analysis used secondary data collected from nationwide Health Survey in 2018. Respondents were aged ≥15 years who met inclusion criteria of analysis with no history of diabetes mellitus. Prediabetes criteria followed American Diabetes Association 2019. Multiple logistic regression was also employed to assess the transition probability of potential determinants for prediabetes in urban and rural Indonesia. Results Up to 44.8% of rural respondents were prediabetics versus their urban counterparts at 34.9%, yet non-response bias was observed in the two. Young adults aged 30 years were already at risk of prediabetes. Urban-rural distinction for marital status and triglyceride level was observed while other determinants tended to overlap across residence. Several modifiable factors might contribute differently in both population with careful interpretation. Conclusions The minimum age limit for early prediabetes screening may start from 30 years old in Indonesia. Urban-rural distinction for marital status and triglyceride level was observed, yet non-response bias between the two groups could not be excluded. A proper model for early prediabetes screening need to be developed from a cohort study with adequate sample size.

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Conditions of housing and residential environment are one of the factors that cause mental emotional disorder. This is related to the quality of residential environment and socio-economic conditions of the community. Residential environment derived from variabels of healthy housing, overcrowding, and residence area. Social economy was a combination of economic quintile, housing ownership, subsidized rice for the poor programmed and healthcare for the poor. Family history of mental disorders and the search for medical treatment was also been studied. The aim of this analysis was to find the relationship between residential environment and economic status as well as family history of mental emotional condition and the pursuit for medical treatment among population aged 15 years old and over. To measure mental emotional was Self Reporting Questioner (SRQ) consisted of 20 items in Riskesdas 2013 instrument. The results showed the relationship between residential environment and economic status of individual mental health. A history of mental disorders in the family also contributes to improving mental health disorders. Housing environment is a dominant factor associated with mental disorders. People who has a mental illness family member has a risk of 4,5 times experiencing mental disorders. Therefore, government support was needed to provide a decent, affordable and healthy housing for the poor.

Antenatal care (ANC) is a prevention healthcare for maternal health and their babies. In order to fulfill the needs of them, an accessible health facility that provides ANC with qualified services for the community is needed. This study aims to determine the utilization of maternal health services as preparation for safe delivery. Analysis of this study used the data from National Health Indicator Survey (Sirkesnas) 2016 and Village Potential Census (Podes) 2014. The analysis technique was multivariable logistic regression. The results showed that the use of qualified ANC tended to be used by mothers who were examined by midwives in health centers, highly educated mothers, those who were living in moderate and good neighborhoods, not living in slums (social environment) and residing in Java-Bali region. It can be concluded that midwives and location of ANC provided important role to improve the utilization of ANC services as an ideal preparation for safe delivery.

Abstrak Psikosis adalah gangguan jiwa yang memiliki prevalensi kecil dibandingkan gangguan jiwa lainnya tetapi mempunyai beban penyakit yang cukup tinggi. Tujuan analisis ini adalah untuk memperoleh prevalensi psikosis pada penduduk Indonesia secara nasional, per provinsi dan melihat sebaran psikosis antara perkotaan, perdesaan berdasarkan Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018. Analisis ini merupakan analisis lanjut Riskesdas dilaksanakan di 34 provinsi, 514 kabupaten/kota pada bulan Juli 2018. Jumlah blok sensus 29.824 dengan respon rate 99,41%, jumlah rumah tangga dikunjungi dan diwawancara 282.654 dengan respon rate 95,58%. Enumerator bertanya kepada kepala keluarga atau yang mewakilinya mengenai adakah anggota rumah tangga (ART) di rumah tersebut yang pernah atau sedang mengalami gangguan jiwa psikosis dan berapa banyak jumlahnya. Analisis dilakukan dengan perangkat statistik SPSS versi 22 dengan metode complex sample. Berdasarkan Riskesdas 2018, didapatkan estimasi prevalensi orang yang pernah menderita psikosis di Indonesia sebesar 1,8 per 1000 penduduk. Prevalensi antar provinsi berkisar 0.9 sampai 3.5 per 1000 penduduk. Prevalensi psikosis lebih tinggi di perdesaan dibandingkan di perkotaan (p=0,099). Kata kunci: Riskesdas 2018, psikosis, prevalensi Abstract Psychosis is a mental disorder that has a small prevalence compared to other mental disorders but it has a fairly high burden of disease. The purpose of this analysis is to obtain the national, provincial prevalence of psychosis and to compare the prevalence between urban and rural regions in Indonesia based on Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2018. This is an advance analysis. Riskesdas was implemented in July 2018 in 34 provinces and 514 regencies/cities. A total of 29,824 census blocks with a response rate of 99.41%, as many as 282.654 households visited and interviewed with a response rate of 95.58%. The enumerator interviewed the head of the family or his representative regarding the existence of household members (ART) in the house who had or were experiencing psychosis and how many of them. The analysis was carried out with SPSS version 22 using the complex sample method. Based on Riskesdas 2018, an estimated prevalence of people who have suffered psychosis in Indonesia is 1.8 per 1000 population. The prevalence between provinces ranges from 0.9 to 3.5 per 1000 population. The prevalence is higher in rural than urban area (p=0.099). Keywords: Riskesdas 2018, psychosis, prevalence

Background: Indonesia has developed the pregnancy class program for mothers in an effort to reduce the high maternal mortality rate. This study aims to understand the influence of pregnancy classes on mothers' use of maternal and neonatal health services, which are known to improve pregnancy and delivery outcomes. Methods: This study used data on members of households in communities in Indonesia, based on the 2016 National Health Indicators Survey (Sirkesnas), which covered 34 provinces and 264 districts/cities. The analysis focused on a sample of women ages 10-54 years who had ever been married and had given birth in the previous 3 years. The study analyzed three behaviors as outcome variables: whether a mother had adequate antenatal care, used a skilled birth attendant, and had a facility-based delivery. Logistic and multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to explore those relationships. Results: 29% of mothers utilized adequate antenatal care (a minimum of five antenatal care components and at least four antenatal care visits), 77% of mothers used skilled birth attendants for delivering their baby, and 76% of mothers used a health facility to give birth. Only 7% of mothers participated in the complete pregnancy class program. Mothers who completed participation in the pregnancy class program had 2.2 times higher odds of receiving adequate antenatal care [OR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.62 to 2.97; P < 0.001]. Those who completed participation in the class had 2.7 times higher odds of using skilled birth attendants for delivery [OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.52 to 4.76; P < 0.001] and 2.8 times higher odds of giving birth in a health facility compared to a non-health facility [OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.56 to 4.91; P < 0.001]. Conclusions: Participation in pregnancy classes was positively associated with utilization of adequate antenatal care, skilled birth attendants, and delivery at health facility. Since participation in pregnancy classes in positively associated with maternal healthcare utilization, policy efforts should focus on improving implementation of the KIH program at the local level.