AbstrakPneumonia adalah penyakit infeksi yang merupakan penyebab utama kematian pada balita di dunia. Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2007 melaporkan bahwa kematian balita di Indonesia mencapai 15,5%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor determinan terjadinya pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia. Desain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan menggunakan data Riskesdas 2013. Kriteria sampel adalah balita (0 -59 bulan) yang menjadi responden Riskesdas 2013. Variabel dependen adalah kejadian pneumonia balita, sedangkan variabel independennya adalah karakteristik individu, lingkungan fisik rumah, perilaku penggunaan bahan bakar, dan kebiasaan merokok. Penetapan kejadian pneumonia berdasarkan hasil wawancara, dengan batasan operasional diagnosis pneumonia oleh tenaga kesehatan dan/atau dengan gejala pneumonia dalam periode 12 bulan terakhir. Jumlah sampel yang memenuhi kriteria adalah 82.666 orang. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa faktor risiko yang paling berperan dalam kejadian pneumonia balita adalah jenis kelamin balita (OR = 1,10; 95% CI = 1,02 -1,18), tipe tempat tinggal (OR = 1,15; 95% CI = 1,06 -1,25), pendidikan ibu (OR = 1,20; 95% CI = 1,11 -1,30), tingkat ekonomi keluarga/kuintil indeks kepemilikan (OR = 1,19; 95% CI = 1,10 -1,30), pemisahan dapur dari ruangan lain (OR = 1,19; 95% CI = 1,05 -1,34), keberadan/kebiasaan membuka jendela kamar (OR = 1,17; 95% CI = 1,04 -1,31), dan ventilasi kamar yang cukup (OR = 1,16; 95% CI = 1,04 -1,30). Disimpulkan bahwa faktor sosial, demografi, ekonomi dan kondisi lingkungan fisik rumah secara bersama-sama berperan terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada balita di Indonesia.Kata kunci: Balita, kondisi lingkungan fisik rumah, pneumonia Abstract Pneumonia is an infectious disease which is a major cause of mortality in children under five years of age in the world. National Basic Health Research 2007 reported that infant mortality in Indonesia has reached 15.5%. The objective of the study was to identify the determinant factors related to Pneumonia pada Anak Balita di Indonesia Pneumonia among Children Under Five Years of Age in IndonesiaAthena Anwar, Ika Dharmayanti the incidence of pneumonia in children under five years of age in Indonesia. The research design was cross sectional, using National Basic Health Research 2013 data. Sample criteria were children under five years of age (0 -59 months). The dependent variable was the incidence of pneumonia among children under five years of age, while the independent variables were individual characteristics, physical environment of house, types of fuel used, and smoking habit. There were 82,666 samples that fulfilled the study criteria. The result showed that determinant factors contributing to the incidence of pneumonia in children were sex (OR = 1.10; 95% CI = 1.02 -1.18), residence (urban/rural) (OR = 1.15; 95% CI = 1,06 -1,25), maternal education (OR = 1.20; 95% CI = 1.11 -1.30), household poverty index quintile (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.10 -1.30) , kitchen separation (OR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.05 -1.34), window avail...

Indonesia still bears a significant public health problem of stunting among under-5 (U-5) children. Environmental factors have been demonstrated to be associated with stunting as indirect causes. However, the extent to which the environmental factors determine the stunting burden in rural Indonesia is stil underexplored. Hence, this study investigates environmental factors that determine stunting among U-5 children in the rural areas of Indonesia. We employed data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey 2014/2015 (IFLS5) and selected a sample size of 2,571 children under five years of age residing in rural areas. We performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis and estimated the “population attributable fraction” (PAF) of drinking water, sanitation, and garbage collection on stunting. The results suggest that unimproved drinking water source and improper garbage collection correspond with higher odds of child stunting. Inadequate sanitation facility, however, was not found to be significantly influencing the odds of stunting. Moreover, household wealth is protective of risk of stunting. Furthermore, the PAF analysis demonstrated that 21.58% of the stunting burden among U-5 children residing in rural areas are preventable by providing access to an improved drinking water source and better household solid waste management to prevent repeated infections.

Conditions of housing and residential environment are one of the factors that cause mental emotional disorder. This is related to the quality of residential environment and socio-economic conditions of the community. Residential environment derived from variabels of healthy housing, overcrowding, and residence area. Social economy was a combination of economic quintile, housing ownership, subsidized rice for the poor programmed and healthcare for the poor. Family history of mental disorders and the search for medical treatment was also been studied. The aim of this analysis was to find the relationship between residential environment and economic status as well as family history of mental emotional condition and the pursuit for medical treatment among population aged 15 years old and over. To measure mental emotional was Self Reporting Questioner (SRQ) consisted of 20 items in Riskesdas 2013 instrument. The results showed the relationship between residential environment and economic status of individual mental health. A history of mental disorders in the family also contributes to improving mental health disorders. Housing environment is a dominant factor associated with mental disorders. People who has a mental illness family member has a risk of 4,5 times experiencing mental disorders. Therefore, government support was needed to provide a decent, affordable and healthy housing for the poor.

Antenatal care (ANC) is a prevention healthcare for maternal health and their babies. In order to fulfill the needs of them, an accessible health facility that provides ANC with qualified services for the community is needed. This study aims to determine the utilization of maternal health services as preparation for safe delivery. Analysis of this study used the data from National Health Indicator Survey (Sirkesnas) 2016 and Village Potential Census (Podes) 2014. The analysis technique was multivariable logistic regression. The results showed that the use of qualified ANC tended to be used by mothers who were examined by midwives in health centers, highly educated mothers, those who were living in moderate and good neighborhoods, not living in slums (social environment) and residing in Java-Bali region. It can be concluded that midwives and location of ANC provided important role to improve the utilization of ANC services as an ideal preparation for safe delivery.

AbstrakAsma merupakan penyakit kronis yang dapat mengganggu kualitas hidup.Hingga saat ini, jumlah penderita asma semakin meningkat termasuk diIndonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian asma dan pencetus asma pada anak usia 6 - 14 tahun di Indonesia. Metode penelitian adalah desain potong lintang dengan menggunakan data Riset Kesehatan Dasar tahun 2013 di 33 provinsi di Indonesia. Variabel bebas adalah karakteristik responden, faktor lingkungan, dan perilaku merokok anak dan orangtua. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa jenis kelamin laki-laki, kondisi sosial ekonomi rendah, riwayat asma pada orangtua, anak yang merokok atau pernah merokok, dan orangtua yang merokok atau pernah merokok adalah faktor risiko yang berhubungan secara signifikan dengan tinggi kejadian asma pada anak (nilai p < 0,05). Sedangkan variabel yang tidak berhubungan secara bermakna (nilai p > 0,05) adalah usia, kepadatan hunian, bahan bakar memasak, penerangan dalam rumah, dan penanganan sampah. Lima pencetus utama asma pada anak adalah udara dingin, flu dan infeksi, kelelahan, debu, dan asap rokok. Oleh karena itu, orangtua harus mendorong anak untuk bergaya hidup sehat agar anak terhindar dari serangan asma.AbstractAsthma is a chronic disease that can disrupt quality of life. Up to now, thenumber of asthma is more increasing including in Indonesia. This studyaimed to identify factors related to the incidence and triggers of asthmaamong 6 - 14 year-old children in Indonesia. Method of study was cross sectional design using 2013 Basic Health Research data in 33 provinces over Indonesia. Independent variables were characteristics of respondents, environmental factors and smoking behavior of children and parents.Theanalysis result showed that male sex, low socio-economic status, parentalasthma record, children and parental smoking were the risk factors significantly related to the increasing prevalence of asthma incidence among children (p value < 0.05). Meanwhile, age, housing density, cooking fuel, home lighting and waste handling were the other variables significantly not related (p value > 0.05). Five potential triggers of asthma in children are cold weather, flu and infections, fatigue, dust and tobacco smoke. Therefore, parents should encourage their children to get a healthy lifestyle in order to prevent them from asthma attack.

Background: Indonesia has developed the pregnancy class program for mothers in an effort to reduce the high maternal mortality rate. This study aims to understand the influence of pregnancy classes on mothers' use of maternal and neonatal health services, which are known to improve pregnancy and delivery outcomes. Methods: This study used data on members of households in communities in Indonesia, based on the 2016 National Health Indicators Survey (Sirkesnas), which covered 34 provinces and 264 districts/cities. The analysis focused on a sample of women ages 10-54 years who had ever been married and had given birth in the previous 3 years. The study analyzed three behaviors as outcome variables: whether a mother had adequate antenatal care, used a skilled birth attendant, and had a facility-based delivery. Logistic and multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to explore those relationships. Results: 29% of mothers utilized adequate antenatal care (a minimum of five antenatal care components and at least four antenatal care visits), 77% of mothers used skilled birth attendants for delivering their baby, and 76% of mothers used a health facility to give birth. Only 7% of mothers participated in the complete pregnancy class program. Mothers who completed participation in the pregnancy class program had 2.2 times higher odds of receiving adequate antenatal care [OR = 2.19; 95% CI: 1.62 to 2.97; P < 0.001]. Those who completed participation in the class had 2.7 times higher odds of using skilled birth attendants for delivery [OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.52 to 4.76; P < 0.001] and 2.8 times higher odds of giving birth in a health facility compared to a non-health facility [OR = 2.77; 95% CI: 1.56 to 4.91; P < 0.001]. Conclusions: Participation in pregnancy classes was positively associated with utilization of adequate antenatal care, skilled birth attendants, and delivery at health facility. Since participation in pregnancy classes in positively associated with maternal healthcare utilization, policy efforts should focus on improving implementation of the KIH program at the local level.

The success of Healthy Indonesia Program with Family Approach is well measured by Healthy Family Index (HFI). The numbers of twelve indicators of HFI were decided as the marker of family health status. National Institute of Health Research and Development Ministry of Health has created Public Health Development Index (PHDI) which purpose to measure individual health status in certain area before the HFI is formed. To resolve health problems in both indices should be through joining program interventions. This analysis aims to determine what indicators are expected to provide leverage on both indices, thus more targeted indicators can be obtained as a program priority. Basic Health Research 2013 data is used as the compilers of PHDI and HFI in 497 districts/cities. The data has been processed to be an indicator per district/city and then analyzed using linear regression test. There are fi ve priority indicators that have a leverage on both indices that is access to clean water, access to sanitation, health care insurance ownership, family planning program, and birth delivery by health worker in health facility. The model for adjusting HFI has a correlation value of 0.932, while the correlation for PHDI is 0.796. It is expected that intervention on these fi ve indicators will increase the HFI and PHDI, therefore the goal for becoming a healthy Indonesia can be achieved. It needs a cross-sector collaboration to build health care facilities that support health of the community. Abstrak Keberhasilan Program Indonesia Sehat (PIS) dengan Pendekatan Keluarga (PK) diukur dengan Indeks Keluarga Sehat (IKS). Jumlah IKS yang telah disepakati terdiri dari 12 indikator sebagai penanda status kesehatan sebuah keluarga. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan (Balitbangkes) telah menyusun Indeks Pembangunan Kesehatan Masyarakat (IPKM) yang berfungsi mengukur status kesehatan individu pada suatu wilayah sebelum IKS terbentuk. Penyelesaian masalah kesehatan pada kedua indeks tersebut harus dilakukan intervensi program yang sejalan. Analisis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui indikator apa saja yang dapat memberikan daya ungkit pada kedua indeks, sehingga dapat diperoleh indikator yang lebih mengerucut untuk dijadikan prioritas program. Data yang digunakan adalah data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) tahun 2013 sebagai penyusun IPKM dan IKS pada 497 kabupaten/kota. Uji statistik menggunakan data yang sudah dianalisis menjadi indikator per kabupaten/kota. Berdasarkan uji regresi linier, terdapat lima indikator yang dapat menjadi prioritas untuk memberikan daya ungkit pada kedua indeks yaitu akses air,akses sanitasi, kepemilikan jaminan kesehatan, program keluarga berencana, dan persalinan oleh nakes di faskes. Model untuk perubahan IKS mempunyai nilai korelasi sebesar 0,932, sedangkan nilai korelasi perubahan IPKM sebesar 0,796. Diharapkan jika dilakukan intervensi pada lima indikator tersebut akan meningkatkan IKS dan IPKM, sehingga tujuan menjadi Indonesia sehat dapat tercapai. Kerja sama lintas sektor untuk penyediaan pembangunan fasilitas kesehatan yang mendukung kesehatan masyarakat.

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