<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Sustainable development requires scheduling and implementation of projects by considering cost, environment, energy, and quality factors. Using a robust approach, this study investigates the time-cost-quality-energy-environment problem in executing projects and practically indicates its implementation capability in the form of a case study of a bridge construction project in Tehran, Iran. This study aims to take into account the sustainability pillars in scheduling projects and uncertainties in modeling them. To model the study problem, robust nonlinear programming (NLP) involving the objectives of cost, quality, energy, and pollution level is applied with resource-constrained. According to the results, as time diminished, the cost, energy, and pollution initially decreased and then increased, witha reduction in quality. To make the model close to the real world by considering uncertainties, the cost and quality tangibly improved, and pollution and energy consumption declined. We applied the augmented <inline-formula><tex-math id="M1">\begin{document}$ \varepsilon $\end{document}</tex-math></inline-formula>-constraint method to solve the proposed model. According to the result of the research, with regard to the time-cost, time-quality, time-energy, and time-pollution charts, as uncertainty increases, the cost and quality will improve, and pollution and energy will decrease.</p><p style='text-indent:20px;'>The proposed model can be employed for all industrial projects, including roads, construction, and manufacturing.</p>
ObjectivesChronic periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease of the oral cavity that causes destruction of periodontal tissues and bone around the teeth. Sclerostin is a protein encoded by the SOST gene. In this study, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of sclerostin in patients with chronic periodontitis were compared with those of healthy subjects.Materials and MethodsIn this case-control study, a total of 40 subjects were enrolled and divided into the healthy group (n=23) and chronic periodontitis group (n=17). GCF samples were collected, and the concentration of sclerostin was evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Comparison of significance between groups was assessed using Mann-Whitney U test.ResultsSclerostin concentration was significantly higher in the chronic periodontitis group compared with the healthy group (P<0.005).ConclusionDespite the limitations of this study, sclerostin can be a possible marker for assessment of periodontal health status.
This study compared the antibacterial effect of 2% clindamycin and 2% and 100% concentration of triple antibiotic paste (TAP) on an Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Dentinal tubules of 100 root specimens were infected and randomly assigned to five groups. A total of 1000 mg mL of TAP, 20 mg mL of TAP and clindamycin, calcium hydroxide or methylcellulose (control) were placed in the root canal for 1 week. After treatment, dentine shavings were collected from 200 and 400 μm dentine depth and the number of colony-forming units (CFU) per mg was determined. Reduction in viable bacteria in first three groups was significantly better than calcium hydroxide and control groups. However, the antimicrobial effectiveness among these three groups was not significantly different from each other. There was no significant difference between data at 200 and 400 μm in all groups except the Ca(OH) group. The antibiofilm effect of clindamycin was comparable with TAP, so it may be used instead of TAP.
Objective Streptococcus mutans is one of the principal causative agents of dental caries (tooth decay) found in the oral cavity. Therefore, this study investigates whether selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) enhance the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) against both planktonic communities and the one-day-old biofilm of S. mutans. In this study, the planktonic and 24-h biofilm of S. mutans have been prepared in 96-cell microplates. These forms were treated by methylene blue (MB) and SeNPs and then were exposed to light-emitting diode (LED) lighting. Finally, the results have been reported as CFU/ml. Results The outcomes demonstrated that MB-induced PDT and SeNPs significantly reduced the number of planktonic bacteria (P-value < 0.001). The comparison between the treated and untreated groups showed that combining therapy with SeNPs and PDT remarkably decreased colony-forming units of one-day-old S. mutans biofilm (P-value < 0.05). The findings revealed that PDT modified by SeNPs had a high potential to destroy S. mutans biofilm. This combination therapy showed promising results to overcome oral infection in dental science.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) contains growth factors which positively affect cell proliferation, cell differentiation, chemotaxis and intracellular matrix synthesis. All these processes are involved in wound healing and tissue regeneration; thus, PRP as a source of growth factors can be used in periodontal regenerative therapies. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of various concentrations of activated and non-activated PRP on proliferation of osteoblasts and fibroblasts in vitro. PRP was obtained from three healthy volunteers. 75, 50, 25, and 10% concentrations of f PRP were prepared by dilution in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. In activated PRP groups, PRP concentrations were activated by adding calcium gluconate. Human gingival fibroblast (HGF) cell line and MG-63 (osteosarcoma) human osteoblast-like cell line were used in the study. The MTT proliferation assay was used to assess the effect of different types of PRP concentrates on proliferation of HGF and MG-63 cells, in 24, 48 and 72 h. After 24, 48, and 72 h, the proliferation rate of both cell lines was higher in the positive control group, except in 72 h in HGF cell lines, that 10% non-activated PRP group and 10 and 25% activated PRP groups has higher proliferation rate than the positive control group, which it was not significant. Proliferation rate in cells with 10% activated PRP was highest among samples containing PRP. The current study failed to show the significant effect of activated or non-activated PRP on proliferation of HGFs or MG-63 osteoblast-like cells. However, our results showed that activated PRP had a greater effect than non-activated PRP.
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