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ProblemIncreased oxidative stress (OS) and inflammatory factors in metabolic syndrome (MS) patients are considered as risk factors for recurrent implantation failure (RIF). The aim of this study was to investigate OS markers, inflammatory factors, related microRNAs (miRNA) expression, and cytokine and transcription factors RNA expression.Method of studyWe evaluated the frequency of helper T (Th) 17 and regulatory T (Treg) cells in recurrent implantation failure (RIF) women with or without MS. miRNA expression, an inflammatory cytokine, and transcription factors were measured by real‐time PCR. The level of interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐17, tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐alpha) and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (CCL‐2), and C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL‐8) were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). OS markers were evaluated by spectrophotometric assay. Th17 and Treg cell frequencies were determined by flow cytometry.ResultsThe expression of AP1, NF‐κB, FOXP3, miRNA‐21; serum or plasma level of OS markers (ie, nitric oxide, total oxidant status, and myeloperoxidase); serum level of inflammatory factors (ie, IL1‐β, IL‐6, IL‐17, TNF‐alpha, CXCL‐8, and CCL‐2); and frequency of Th17 cells were increased in RIF‐MS patients in comparison with RIF women without MS (RIF‐NMS) and control group. The expression of miRNA‐223 and 146a, antioxidant enzymes, namely superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and frequency of Treg also declined in RIF‐MS patients.ConclusionOverall, our findings suggest that MS in RIF patients causes increased inflammatory factors and OS, which in turn leads to implantation failure.

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Infertility is the inability to conceive after having regular unprotected sexual intercourse for more than 12 months and it can be caused by reproductive problems of men, women, or both, but sometimes the cause of infertility is unknown. At least 30 million men around the world suffer from infertility, most of whom are in Africa and Eastern Europe. Since infertility problems can have devastating emotional effects on couples as well as negative effects on the society, treatment of infertility is very important, as a result of which many studies have been carried out in this field and many treatments have been proposed. Recently, due to several advances in infertility treatments, more than 80% of infertile couples now have children. Among these treatments, stem cells as undifferentiated cells and because of their self-renewing and high differentiating potential have been considered by researchers. This review explained different types of male infertility and various therapies, with emphasis on stem cells therapy.

Abstract:: Osteosarcoma (OS) is a primary bone malignancy, which has high incidence in children and adolescents. The affected cells and tissues show the properties of drug-resistance and the prognosis remains poor in OS, therefore there is an essential need for novel therapeutic approaches. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) expression pattern has been established to be involved in the pathogenesis of OS. miRNAs are small non-coding RNA molecules, which negatively regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level. There are copious miRNAs that have a critical role in the onset of the disease, modulation of disease progression, and response to treatment. At the moment, the recently launched version 3.0 of Human MicroRNA Disease Database (HMDD v3.0) reports that 194 miRNAs are dysregulated in OS that might be involved in proliferation, migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition of tumor cells. The balance between oncogene and tumor suppressor miRNAs has vital importance in the final fate of the cell behaviors in OS. Additionally, networks of miRNAs may act in concert to induce oncogenic or tumor-suppressing properties during the initiation or progression of OS. Up or downregulation of these miRNAs affect the status of the disease, during or after therapy. To date, over 40 miRNAs have been identified in OS disease that possess oncogenic or tumor-suppressing properties, and treatment approaches are trying to establish a proper level of such miRNAs in favor of OS therapy. The role of miRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of OS and their therapeutic potential are the reference points in this review article.