As reported by the World Health Organization, about 10 million individuals were infected with tuberculosis (TB) worldwide. Moreover, approximately 1.5 million people died of TB, of which 214,000 were infected with HIV simultaneously. Due to the high infection rate, the need for effective TB vaccination is highly felt. Until now, various methodologies have been proposed for the development of a protein subunit vaccine for TB. These vaccines have shown higher protection than other vaccines, particularly the Bacillus culture vaccine. The delivery system and safety regulator are common characteristics of effective adjuvants in TB vaccines and the clinical trial stage.The present study investigates the current state of TB adjuvant research focusing on the liposomal adjuvant system. Based on our findings, the liposomal system is a safe and efficient adjuvant from nanosize to microsize for vaccinations against TB, other intracellular infections, and malignancies. Clinical studies can provide valuable feedback for developing novel TB adjuvants, which ultimately enhance the impact of adjuvants on next-generation TB vaccines.
Background: The Cronobacter genus is a member family of the Enterobacteriaceae The isolates of C. sakazakii have been suggested to be responsible for fatal neonatal infections, which gives rise to sepsis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and meningitis, with a high mortality rates. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm formation of C. sakazakii isolates from neonatal sepsis in Southwestern Iran.Results: During the period of study, 734/1045 bacterial positive growth samples were collected from patients. Overall, from 734 bacterial positive growth samples 120 isolates were C. sakazakii based on culture, biochemical tests and PCR amplification. seventy-four (61%) neonates had primary sepsis and (33%) had late sepsis. Regarding birth bodyweight, (22%) neonate weighted below 1000 gr, 61 (50%) between 1500 and 2500, and (26%) more than 2500 gr. In case of C. sakazakii isolates, the highest resistance rates belonged to Ampicillin (70%), followed Amoxicillin (%59) and Ampicillin/sulbactam (83%). However, C. sakazakii had low levels resistance to cefepime and tetracycline. In total, of the 120 isolated bacteria, (70%) were biofilm producers, of which, (37%) produced strong biofilms, (15%) produced moderate biofilms, (17%) were weak biofilm producers and (28%) were not biofilm producers.Conclusion: Taken together, the high rate of C. sakazakii in neonates was high in the NICU. Age, higher birthweight, and caesarian delivery were the most remarkable risk factors for C. sakazakii. The majority of C. sakazakii strains were hospital-associated, which is the indication of NICU admission patterns. Our findings suggest that the active surveillance of neonates for C. sakazakii is required to be considered as a part of strategies to detect importation and prevent transmission of C. sakazakii within the NICU.
Background: Studies have shown that metal nanoparticles are highly active and exhibits remarkable bactericidal activity against a wide range of bacteria. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles against standard strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus and their isolates in food products. Methods: This experimental study was conducted on the two pathogenic bacteria and their two standard strains. Zinc oxide nanoparticles were prepared from zeolite and their amount was determined using the XRF analyzer. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were measured using disk diffusion method . Findings: The MIC value of zinc oxide nanoparticles was 4 mg/mL for standard strain and isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa and 2 mg/mL for standard strain and isolate of staphylococcus aureus. The MBC values for standard strain and isolate of pseudomonas aeruginosa were 16 and 8 mg/mL, respectively, while for the standard strain and isolate of Staphylococcus aureus it was reported 8 mg/mL. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus is more sensitive to zinc oxide nanoparticles that pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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