This paper presents an analysis of the entry process and tool fracture in the milling operation. Equations representing different types of initial contacts are derived. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that the direction of the cutting force and the initial location on the rake face determine the entry fracture in milling cutters. NOMENCLATUREYo rake angle Y p axial rake angle Y f radial rake angle I, inclination angle E entry angle X, tool cutting edge angle af feed rate c comer angle of tool I index angle 9
Value Stream Mapping (VSM) is the one of the techniques used in lean manufacturing; it is a method of visually mapping a product’s production path (including materials and information) from door-to-door. Value Stream Mapping can serve as a starting point to help managers, engineers, suppliers and customers recognize waste and identify its causes. Traditionally VSM tool is used in manufacturing environment. In this study it has been applied for the distribution system. This study is conducted on a distribution company delivering automotive parts to the customers in and around Las Vegas. The primary objective of this system engineering approach is to create the present and future state Value Stream Mapping for a small sampling of three different categories of parts based on average monthly usage from the time they arrive on the receiving dock to the time they are placed into the delivery vehicle. In this work the value added and non-value added activities in the distribution process are identified. The future state map has been suggested with a set of short-term and long-term recommendations.
In this paper, a procedure to determine the optimal location of a distribution warehouse, from which products are sent out to a group of companies has been studied. The goal was to minimize annual transportation distance between the warehouse and the customers. Fundamentals of mathematics have been used to formulate a virtual map showing the location of the present customers. Mathematical models and equations were developed making certain assumptions and an optimal location for the warehouse has been determined. Various factors that are involved in relocating the warehouse have been considered. Also a solution is given for the optimal location of a satellite or an auxiliary warehouse in addition to the existing one. A case study has been conducted on the model with the help of various numerical examples. Based on the optimal location of the relocated warehouse and the satellite warehouse obtained, the reductions in the transport costs were estimated. Once the optimal warehouse location has been found out, the next step was to find out an optimal route (least travel distance) for a practical case in which several companies have to be supplied with necessary products from one warehouse in a single trip. For this purpose, mathematical models were created and optimal routing algorithms were developed. Case studies have been conducted with the help of numerical examples. High amounts of savings in terms of travel distances, costs and time could be observed by the implementation of these algorithms.
This paper discusses the design and manufacturing of the Universal Expanding Cage (UEC), which is a biomechanical device that is implantable in the human spinal cord region. It compensates for disc height loss and relieves pressure that causes nerve damage. Forces surrounding the UEC are analyzed, stresses on the UEC body and resulting displacement are calculated, and materials suitable for the human biological vertebra environment are studied. Manufacturing methods for implantable UEC are also discussed using 3D direct metal print technique.
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