Six hybrids were subjected to chromatographic analyses by HPLC for the determination of phytochemicals such as capsaicinoid, polyphenol, and vitamin C. The dynamics of ripening of 4 of the hybrids were also characterised. Seven capsaicinoids could be separated and determined; the major compounds were nordihydrocapsaicin, capsaicin, and dihydrocapsaicin, while homocapsaicin and homodihydrocapsaicin derivatives were detected as minor constituents. Capsaicin content ranged between 95.5 ± 4.15 and 1610.2 ± 91.46 μg/g FW, and the highest value was found in Bandai (C. frutescens) at the green ripening stage. The major capsaicinoids had a decreasing tendency in Bandai and Chili 3735 hybrids, while no change was observed in Beibeihong and Lolo during ripening. Nine polyphenol compounds were detected including 8 flavonoids and a nonflavonoid compound in the pods of all hybrids. The major components were naringenin-diglucoside, catechin, and vanillic acid-derivative and luteolin-glucoside. Naringenin-diglucoside ranged from 93.5 ± 4.26 to 368.8 ± 30.77 μg/g FW. Except vanillic acid-derivative, dominant polyphenols increased or remained unchanged during ripening. As for vitamin C, its content tended to increase with the advance in ripening in all hybrids included in this study. The highest value of 3689.4 ± 39.50 μg/g FW was recorded in Fire Flame hybrid.

Abstract. Shading effects on yield and fruit quality (sunscald, total carotenoid content and ratio of red and yellow pigments) were examined in 'Karpex' red colored sweet pepper hybrid (Capsicum annuum L.). The sampling was performed at two different harvest times; 27 th of August and 1 st of October in 2013. The photo-selective shading nets were CN red from Israel, and yellow, red, green, and white from Hungary, all with 40% shade factor. We found a significantly higher yield under the yellow and red net compared with the unshaded control. The yield was more than 50% higher under the yellow net (33.6 t ha -1 ), than in the control plot (15.5 t ha -1 ; F 5,12 =10.761, p<0.001). All shading nets had a significantly positive effect against sunburn at the first harvest (F 5,12 =12.403, p<0.001), except for the white shading net. In addition, no sunscald fruit were observed under CN red net and green net, compared to 4 t ha -1 losses due to sunburn in the control plot. No sunscald pepper fruit were detected at the second harvest. The total carotenoid content ranged between 163.4 and 338.9 μg g -1 fw. Regarding the net shading, we could determine significant difference in total carotenoid content, between white net and the control treatment (F 5,12 =4.372, p=0.017) at the second harvest. The unshaded control contained more than 50% less carotenoid than that under the white net. Peppers under the yellow and red nets contained the lowest amount of carotenoids. Overall, significantly more carotenoids were detected at the second harvest, than at the first harvest (F 1,24 =220.035, p<0.001). In contrast, the ratio of red and yellow pigments was higher at the first harvest. Hence, the earlier harvest is recommended in order to produce pepper fruits with attractive red color. In conclusion, the use of net shading technology resulted in increased yield, reduced sunscald, and can be tailored to improve fruit color.

A Gram-negative, aerobic, slightly yellow-pigmented bacterium, designated as SKLS-A10, was isolated from groundwater sample of the 'Siklós' petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated site (Hungary). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain SKLS-A10 formed a distinct phyletic lineage within the genus Sphingobium. It shared the highest 16S rRNA gene homology with Sphingobium abikonense DSM 23268 (97.29 %), followed by Sphingobium lactosutens DSM 23389 (97.23 %), Sphingobium phenoxybenzoativorans KCTC 42448 (97.16 %) and Sphingobium subterraneum NBRC 109814 (96.74 %). The predominant fatty acids (>5 % of the total) are C18 : 1ω7c, C14 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 1ω7c/iso C15 : 0 2-OH, C17 : 1ω6c and C16 : 0. The major ubiquinone is Q-10. The predominant polyamine is spermidine. The major polar lipids are sphingoglycolipid and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain SKLS-A10 is 65.9 mol%. On the basis of evidence from this taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach, strain SKLS-A10 represents a novel species of the genus Sphingobium for which the name Sphingobiumaquiterrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SKLS-A10 (=DSM 106441=NCAIM B. 02634).

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