This paper deals with the legal issues related to combating cybercrime in the global information and communication networks through comparative analysis of relevant legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Western European countries. The purpose of this research is to identify the specific features of present cybercrime, to develop a conceptual framework, to specify new forms of cybercrime and to find the main directions in combating cybercrime. The research methodology was based on dialectical, comparative legal, sociological, system-structural and statistical methods, as well as on social experiment. The study gave the possibility to disclose specific features of cybercrime, provided a universal definition of cybercrime, which can be used in international conventions as well as in international criminal investigation. The study highlighted two new types of cybercrime - cyber-terrorism and identity theft with the view of committing crimes, which could be included in the Convention on Cybercrime. The authors of this study developed a universal conceptual framework that can be used in international legal instruments and international cooperation in combating cybercrime and formed a unified approach to address some legal issues related to cybercrime in the global information and communication networks.
This article is devoted to the analysis of the existing practice of applying the Agreements of the World Trade Organization in disputes on trade in grain and products from it and the effectiveness of this organization in resolving such disputes. Having analysed the experience of participation of members of the World Trade Organization as an complainant or respondent in trade disputes over grain and products from it, the article presents a statistical overview for the period 1995-2021. In the course of the work carried out, the main provisions of the Agreements of the World Trade Organization regulating trade in grain and products from it were considered, on which complaints were filed with the Dispute Settlement Body. The study used data from the official website of the WTO and the scientific views of scientists in the field of the mechanism for resolving trade disputes and regulating the grain sector, as well as the norms of the law of the World Trade Organization. The purpose of the article is a legal analysis of the existing practice of grain disputes. The objectives of the article are to study the procedure for resolving grain disputes, to study the experience of the countries participating in grain disputes and their application of the norms of the law of the World Trade Organization, to determine the specifics of such disputes and to identify the effectiveness of the participation of the World Trade Organization in resolving conflicts related to trade in grain and products from it. The study of the practice of applying the Agreements of the World Trade Organization in disputes on trade in grain and products from it will have a positive impact on the development of the grain industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the conditions of its membership in this organization. At the same time, as a result of the study, it is assumed that the improvement of the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan regulating trade in grain and products from it, taking into account the experience of participating countries of the World Trade Organization in disputes, contributes to stimulating wheat exports.
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