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The present experiments were carried out on the relationship between triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in liver of chicks treated by estrogen, in order to study on the mechanism underlying estrogen-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Estrogen treatment increased the incorporation of 14C-acetate into fatty acid and of 14C-palmitate into triglyceride in vivo and in vitro. This result suggests that triglyceride synthesis is stimulated by estrogen.The 14C incorporation from [1-14C] palmitate into CO2 in vivo and in vitro was decreased by estrogen treatment, whereas that from [1-14C] acetate into CO2 in vitro was increased.This result suggests that fatty acid oxidation is suppressed by estrogen.The results described above suggest that the combination of increased rate of triglyceride synthesis and decreased rate of fatty acid oxidation in liver may, at least in part, contribute to estrogen-induced hypertriglyceridemia. The specific activities of all the hepatic lipogenic enzymes examined were increased by estrogen treatment.Jpm. J. Zootech. Sci., 53 (10): [699][700][701][702][703][704][705][706] 1982

Triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in chick adipose tissue were studied by measuring the incorporation of [1-14C] acetate or [1-14C] palmitate into triglyceride and CO2 in vivo and in vitro in order to investigate the effect of estrogen on adipose tissue accumulation in chicks. Estrogen treatment increased the incorporation of 14C-acetate into total fatty acid and of 14C -palmitate into triglyceride . This result suggests that de novo triglyceride synthesis is stimulated by estrogen. Incorporation of 14C-palmitate into CO2 was increased by estrogen treatment, whereas that of 14C-acetate into CO2 was decreased. This result suggests that fatty acid oxidation is also stimulated by Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 51 (9): [673][674][675][676][677][678][679] 1980

Triglyceride synthesis and fatty acid oxidation in the chick adipose tissue were studied by measuring the incorporation of [1-14C] acetate or [1-14C] palmitate into triglycerides

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The effects of dietary sulfate on growth and the chemical components of the serum and liver in chicks were investigated.DL-Methionine or sodium sulfate was added to a semi-purified diet containing isolated soybean protein as the sole protein source. Chicks were fed the diet from hatching to 28 days of age. No significant differenc in body weight was observed between chicks fed diets supplemented with 0.44% methionine and with 0.22% methionine plus 0.22% sodium sulfate.However, the body weight of chicks fed a diet with 0.44% sodium sulfate alone was about 60% of that of chicks given diets supplemented with methionine. The addition of a higher level (0.88%) of sulfate did not improve the weight gain. When dietary methionine was decreased or sulfate addition was increased, the total nitrogen contents of the serum and liver showed a tendency to decrease and total lipid contents tended to increase.The contents of liver glycogen and blood sugar were not affected by supplementation of methionine or sulfate. When dietary methionine was decreased or dietary sulfate was increased, the patterns of change in serum free amino acids could be divided into 3 types: (1) methionine, cystine, aspartic acid, leucine, tyrosine, histidine and arginine were decreased, (2) threonine, serine, glycine and lysine were increased, and (3) glutamic acid, praline, alanine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and ornithine remained constant.The activity of liver glutamateoxaloacetate transaminase was increased with decreasing dietary methionine or with increasing addition of sulfate, but that of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase was unchanged.Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 56 (5): [391][392][393][394][395][396][397][398] 1985

The effects of dietary protein and fat levels on in vivo hepatic lipogenesis and on the hepatic concentration of various metabolites in chicks were investigated. Fatty acid synthesis in liver was depressed by increasing the dietary fat level. Also, the reduction in hepatic lipogenesis was observed when the dietary protein level was increased from 17 to 33%, but no further reduction in lipogenesis occurred in chicks fed the 67% protein diet. The ratio of lactate/pyruvate was calculated in order to estimate the redox state of cell cytoplasm of liver. The ratio was markedly decreased with increasing dietary fat. The ratio was also decreased when the dietary protein level was increased, but no significant difference in the ratio was observed between the chicks fed the 33% protein diet and those fed the 67% protein diet. The hepatic concentration of free CoA in chicks fed the 33% and 67% protein diets and the 11% fat diet was higher than that in chicks fed the 17% protein diet. The concentration of acetyl-CoA was decreased by increasing the dietary protein or fat level, but the reduction was not observed in chicks fed the 67% protein diet. The concentration of long-chain acyl-CoA was increased by feeding the 39% fat diet and the 33% and 67% protein diets to 4.8, 3.3 and 2.3 times the level in chicks fed the 17% protein diet, respectively. The concentration of citrate was markedly decreased by feeding the 67% protein diet, but feeding the 33% protein and the 11% and 39% fat diets had no effect on citrate concentration. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 51 (9): [664][665][666][667][668][669][670][671][672] 1980 Hepatic lipogenesis in chicks is influenced by dietary protein as well as by dietary fat1, 2). An increase in the level of dietary fat or protein depresses fatty acid synthesis in chick liver. LEVEILLE et al.2) reported that the depressing influence of dietary protein on hepatic fatty acid synthesis in chicks was greater than that of dietary fat and suggested that dietary protein and fat depressed fatty acid synthesis through different mechanisms.It was shown in the previous paper3), however, that the hepatic activity of fatty acid synthesis in chicks fed the 67% protein diet for 10 days from hatching time was about 59% of the value observed in chicks fed the 17% protein diet, whereas feeding of 39% fat diet produced only slight lipogenesis. In this experiment, the effects of dietary protein and fat levels on hepatic lipogenesis in chicks were investigated in terms of the redox state in the cytoplasm of liver cell and the concentration of citrate (an activator of lipogenesis), long-chain acyl-CoA (an inhibitor of lipogenesis), and some other metabolites involved in lipogenesis.Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci., 51 (9): 664-672 664 1980