Abiotic stress is one of the major threats affecting plant growth and production. The harm of abiotic stresses includes the disruption of cellular redox homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and oxidative stress in the plant. Plants have different mechanisms to fight stress, and these mechanisms are responsible for maintaining the required homeostasis in plants. Recently, the study of gasotransmitters in plants has attracted much attention, especially for abiotic stress. In the present review, abiotic stressors were mostly found to induce gasotransmitter production in plants. Meanwhile, these gasotransmitters can enhance the activity of several antioxidant enzymes, alleviate the harmfulness of ROS, and enhance plant tolerance under various stress conditions. In addition, we introduced the interaction of gasotransmitters in plants under abiotic stress. With their promising applications in agriculture, gasotransmitters will be adopted in the near future.Plants 2019, 8, 605 2 of 23 unique and regulate specific biological functions. Gasotransmitters have long been of great interest in a wide range of fields. Over the past few decades, the roles of these signaling molecules have been extensively studied for their biological applications. Recently, the emissions of endogenous gasotransmitters in plants have been widely studied and analyzed, thereby providing information to facilitate our understanding of new gasotransmitter signaling pathways. Previous studies found that in response to abiotic stressors, plants usually produce these gasotransmitters [12][13][14]. In addition, there is now considerable evidence to show that gasotransmitters can play a pivotal role in enhancing plant tolerance [2,15,16]. Subsequently, biological gases from complex extra and intracellular pathways and gas mediators may regulate many processes in an antagonistic or synergistic way.In the present review, we introduce the production of gasotransmitters in plants under abiotic stress. Meanwhile, we focused on the recent advances in the roles of gasotransmitters under abiotic stresses and their interaction with other gasotransmitters.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has recently been considered as a crucial gaseous transmitter occupying extensive roles in physiological and biochemical processes throughout the life of plant species. Furthermore, plenty of achievements have been announced regarding H2S working in combination with other signal molecules to mitigate environmental damage, such as nitric oxide (NO), abscisic acid (ABA), calcium ion (Ca2+), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene (ETH), jasmonic acid (JA), proline (Pro), and melatonin (MT). This review summarizes the current knowledge within the mechanism of H2S and the above signal compounds in response to abiotic stresses in plants, including maintaining cellular redox homeostasis, exchanging metal ion transport, regulating stomatal aperture, and altering gene expression and enzyme activities. The potential relationship between H2S and other signal transmitters is also proposed and discussed.
Adventitious root (AR) is a kind of later root, which derives from stems and leaf petioles of plants. Many different kinds of small signaling molecules can transmit information between cells of multicellular organisms. It has been found that small molecules can be involved in many growth and development processes of plants, including stomatal movement, flowering, fruit ripening and developing, and AR formation. Therefore, this review focuses on discussing the functions and mechanisms of small signaling molecules in the adventitious rooting process. These compounds, such as nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen gas (H2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), ethylene (ETH), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), can be involved in the induction of AR formation or development. This review also sums the crosstalk between these compounds. Besides, those signaling molecules can regulate the expressions of some genes during AR development, including cell division genes, auxin-related genes, and adventitious rooting-related genes. We conclude that these small-molecule compounds enhance adventitious rooting by regulating antioxidant, water balance, and photosynthetic systems as well as affecting transportation and distribution of auxin, and these compounds further conduct positive effects on horticultural plants under environmental stresses. Hence, the effect of these molecules in plant AR formation and development is definitely a hot issue to explore in the horticultural study now and in the future.
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