Research Progress on the Functions of Gasotransmitters in Plant Responses to Abiotic Stresses

Abstract

Abiotic stress is one of the major threats affecting plant growth and production. The harm of abiotic stresses includes the disruption of cellular redox homeostasis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and oxidative stress in the plant. Plants have different mechanisms to fight stress, and these mechanisms are responsible for maintaining the required homeostasis in plants. Recently, the study of gasotransmitters in plants has attracted much attention, especially for abiotic stress. In the present review, abiotic stressors were mostly found to induce gasotransmitter production in plants. Meanwhile, these gasotransmitters can enhance the activity of several antioxidant enzymes, alleviate the harmfulness of ROS, and enhance plant tolerance under various stress conditions. In addition, we introduced the interaction of gasotransmitters in plants under abiotic stress. With their promising applications in agriculture, gasotransmitters will be adopted in the near future.Plants 2019, 8, 605 2 of 23 unique and regulate specific biological functions. Gasotransmitters have long been of great interest in a wide range of fields. Over the past few decades, the roles of these signaling molecules have been extensively studied for their biological applications. Recently, the emissions of endogenous gasotransmitters in plants have been widely studied and analyzed, thereby providing information to facilitate our understanding of new gasotransmitter signaling pathways. Previous studies found that in response to abiotic stressors, plants usually produce these gasotransmitters [12][13][14]. In addition, there is now considerable evidence to show that gasotransmitters can play a pivotal role in enhancing plant tolerance [2,15,16]. Subsequently, biological gases from complex extra and intracellular pathways and gas mediators may regulate many processes in an antagonistic or synergistic way.In the present review, we introduce the production of gasotransmitters in plants under abiotic stress. Meanwhile, we focused on the recent advances in the roles of gasotransmitters under abiotic stresses and their interaction with other gasotransmitters.

Abscisic Acid-Induced Stomatal Closure: An Important Component of Plant Defense Against Abiotic and Biotic Stress

“…In addition to NO, two more gaseous signaling molecules (gasotransmitters), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), and carbon monoxide (CO) produced within plant cells are an integral part of ABA-dependent stomatal closure as well as other stress conditions. These three gasotransmitters interacted with ABA-signaling during drought ( García-Mata and Lamattina, 2013 ; Yao et al, 2019 ; Gahir et al, 2020 ). Under abiotic stress, ABA could elevate the levels of NO as well as CO or H 2 S. For e.g., ABA activated heme oxygenase (HO), thereby increased CO levels and caused stomatal closure ( Cao et al, 2007 ; Wang and Liao, 2016 ).…”

Hydrogen Sulfide in Plants: Crosstalk with Other Signal Molecules in Response to Abiotic Stresses

“…Pro is a kind of organic osmolyte with a wide distribution in plant cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the increase of Pro after the application of signal transmitter agents in defense of abiotic stresses [ 89 , 103 , 104 ]. Pretreatment with exogenous H 2 S increased endogenous Pro content, and the activities and transcription levels of proline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR) and proline dehydrogenase (PDH) in foxtail millet, whereas H 2 S scavenger or inhibitor reduced the above effects [ 105 ].…”

The role of gasotransmitters in movement of stomata: mechanisms of action and importance for plant immunity

“…Since the past two decades, the role of gasotransmitters in modulating stomatal closure, as a part of plant innate immunity response to protect against biotic/abiotic stress conditions has drawn considerable attention (García-Mata and Lamattina 2013, Scuffi et al 2016, Yao et al 2019. Examples of such gasotransmitters that induce stomatal closure are NO, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).…”