As an emerging 3D printing technology, 3D bioprinting has shown great potential in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Decellularized extracellular matrices (dECM) have recently made significant research strides and have been used to create unique tissue-specific bioink that can mimic biomimetic microenvironments. Combining dECMs with 3D bioprinting may provide a new strategy to prepare biomimetic hydrogels for bioinks and hold the potential to construct tissue analogs in vitro, similar to native tissues. Currently, the dECM has been proven to be one of the fastest growing bioactive printing materials and plays an essential role in cell-based 3D bioprinting. This review introduces the methods of preparing and identifying dECMs and the characteristic requirements of bioink for use in 3D bioprinting. The most recent advances in dECM-derived bioactive printing materials are then thoroughly reviewed by examining their application in the bioprinting of different tissues, such as bone, cartilage, muscle, the heart, the nervous system, and other tissues. Finally, the potential of bioactive printing materials generated from dECM is discussed.
In this article, a preparation method of a water-dispersible photoinitiator, which can be used for three-dimensional (3D) printing of the hydrogel and can be initiated under visible light is proposed. The oil-soluble photoinitiator 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl-diphenylphosphine oxide (TPO) is nano-wrapped with surfactant Tween 20 to obtain the oil-in-water (O/W) miniemulsion, and then it is successfully transformed into water-dispersible nanospheres without the use of organic solvents or crystallization inhibitors. The morphology and optical properties were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), particle size analysis and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Subsequently, the water-dispersible nano-photoinitiator was used to realize the photopolymerization of acrylamide/N,N 0 -methylenebisacrylamide hydrogel under visible light (405 nm). Then, the micromorphology of the photocuring process of the hydrogel was observed by TEM and the photocuring activity of the initiator was evaluated. Finally, a viscosifier suitable for AM/MBA hydrogel system was screened out, and the direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing of the hydrogel was successfully realized by using this nano-photoinitiator.
Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death in China, with increasingly serious negative effects on people and society. Despite significant advances in preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases, such as atrial fibrillation/flutter and heart failure over the last few years, much more remains to be done. Therefore, developing innovative methods for identifying and managing cardiovascular disorders is critical. Nanomaterials provide multiple benefits in biomedicine, primarily better catalytic activity, drug loading, targeting, and imaging. Biomimetic materials and nanoparticles are specially combined to synthesize biomimetic nanoparticles that successfully reduce the nanoparticles’ toxicity and immunogenicity while enhancing histocompatibility. Additionally, the biological targeting capability of nanoparticles facilitates the diagnosis and therapy of cardiovascular disease. Nowadays, nanomedicine still faces numerous challenges, which necessitates creating nanoparticles that are highly selective, toxic-free, and better clinically applicable. This study reviews the scientific accomplishments in this field over the past few years covering the classification, applications, and prospects of noble metal biomimetic nanozymes and biomimetic nanocarriers.
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