BackgroundIn the People’s Republic of China, outpatients have limited time with their physicians. Thus, compared to inpatients, outpatients have lower medication adherence and are less knowledgeable about their disease.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of pharmaceutical care on clinical outcomes of outpatients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).Patients and methodsA randomized, controlled, prospective clinical trial was conducted recruiting a total of 240 T2DM outpatients from Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University. The control group (CG) received only common care from medical staff, whereas the inter vention group (IG) received extra pharmaceutical care from clinical pharmacists. Biochemical data such as blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c), and blood lipid were collected before and after 6-month intervention. The primary end points in this study were FBG and HbA1c.ResultsAfter the intervention, most of the baseline clinical outcomes of the patients in IG significantly improved, while only body mass index, diastolic BP, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and total cholesterol (TC) improved significantly in patients in the CG. Compared to CG, in IG, there were significant improvements in FBG, HbA1c, TC, the target attainment rates of HbA1c, and BP.ConclusionPharmaceutical care provided by clinical pharmacists could improve the control of diabetes of outpatients, and clinical pharmacists could play an important role in diabetes management.
In this paper, a direct synthesis approach is presented to realize high selectivity in-line topology filters with adjacent frequency-variant couplings (FVCs). By considering the annihilation of frequencyvariant elements during admittance matrix transformation for the first time, this paper provides a deterministic mechanism (no optimization is involved) that can generate FVCs between every two cascaded resonators. In consequence, a high selectivity filtering response where N-1 transmission zeros are implemented and independently controllable can be achieved for an Nth-order in-line network. As the foundation, a novel matrix process is detailed to obtain two adjacent FVCs inside of a 4th-order in-line network. The Nth-order prototype is then realized based on the process in an iterative manner. A synthesis example is illustrated in terms of the proposed approach step by step to show validity. Eventually, a 6th-order in-line band-pass filter, which contains adjacent FVCs in two pairs has been designed and fabricated via coaxial cavity structures. The synthesis results, EM simulation results, and tested results are well matched with each other, which reveals the effectiveness of the presented method during physical implementation. INDEX TERMS Filter synthesis, frequency-variant coupling, coupling matrix, transmission zero, microwave filters. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Yongle Wu. FIGURE 1. Schematic of (a) in-line prototypes discussed in this work (with adjacent frequency-variant couplings); (b) traditional cross-coupled prototypes; and (c) traditional extracted-pole prototypes. Note that solid line refers to traditional constant coupling, dashed line refers to frequency variant capacitance (slope), and the combination represents frequency-variant coupling in this work.
We present a comprehensive overview of a design methodology and environment that we developed to enable the implementation of microprocessors and other complex logic circuits using the adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) superconductor logic family. The design environment is catered for both the AIST 10 kA cm −2 Nb high-speed standard process as well as the AIST 2.5 kA cm −2 Nb standard process (STP2). We detail each aspect of the design flow, highlighting improvements in cell design, and new developments in circuit retiming to reduce the number of synchronizing buffers in the circuit datapath. With retiming, we expect a 14-37% reduction in the overall Josephson junction (JJ) count for some benchmarks. Finally, we show the successful experimental demonstration of an arithmetic logic unit and data shifter for an AQFP microprocessor using the established methodology and environment. The demonstrated circuits show full functionality and wide excitation current margins of nearly ±30%, which corresponds well with simulation results.
Adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) logic is an energy-efficient superconductor logic family. The switching energy of an AQFP gate can be arbitrarily reduced via adiabatic switching. However, AQFP logic has somewhat long latency due to the multiphase clocking scheme, in which each logic operation requires a quarter clock cycle. The latency in AQFP logic should be improved in order to design complex digital circuits such as microprocessors. In the present paper, we propose a low-latency clocking scheme for AQFP logic, which we call delay-line clocking. In delay-line clocking, the latency for each logic operation is determined by the propagation delay of the excitation current, which can be much shorter than a quarter clock cycle. Our numerical simulation shows that AQFP gates can operate with a latency of only a few picoseconds. We fabricated an AQFP circuit adopting delay-line clocking using the 10 kA/cm2 Nb high-speed standard process provided by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology. The circuit was demonstrated at 4 GHz with a latency of 10 ps per gate. The above results indicate that delay-line clocking can significantly reduce the latency in AQFP logic.
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