Citrus nobilis L. peel was used as a source of essential oil production through water-stem distillation method. The aim of this research was to compare yield and quality of essential oil from Citrus nobilis L. peel obtained from ratio of 0,2; 0,4 and 0,6 of raw material mass and solvent volume during water-stem distillation. In each run, 1000 mL of water was applied as solvent, and the distillation was performed for 6 hours.. Results show that the best yield and quality of the produced essential oil was obtained on 400 gram/1000 mL ratio. This ratio produced essential oil in a yield of 2.18 %, 0.8484 gram/ mL density, yellowish oil with orange typical aroma, and viscous. GC-MS analysis results of the oil show the composition of Limonene 56,96%, α-Pinene 3,86%, β-Phellandrene 1,02%, β-Pinene 2,40%, β-Myrcene 2,76%, Linalool 7,69%, 3-Cyclohexene-1-methanol 2,04%, Nerol 1,44% and Benzenedicarboxylic acid 14,50%.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektifitas serbuk karbon aktif tongkol jagung dalam menurunkan kadar COD limbah cair industri tempe tahu. Sampel penelitian ini yaitulimbah cair pada di bak pembuangan perajin tempe tahu di Kekalik. Dalam penelitian ini, dipelajari efisiensi adsorpsi COD pada konsentrasi HCl 0, 5, 10, 15, dan 20 saat aktivasi karbon aktif; pada volume sampel 50, 150, dan 250; pada waktu kontak 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 menit; dan pada ukuran serbuk 50, 60, 100, 120 mesh, ukuran ayakan kopi, dan granul. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa konsentrasi HCl dan volume sampel optimum berturut-turut yaitu 15% dan 150 mL dengan efisiensi penurunan COD sebesar 42,86%. Waktu kontak optimum yakni 90 menit dengan efisiensi sebesar 90%.Sedangkan ukuran serbuk karbon aktif yang paling baik menurunkan kadar COD yakni 120 mesh dengan efisiensi 47,22%. Semakin kecil ukuran serbuk aktif, efisiensi penurunan kadar COD limbah cair industri tempe tahu semakin besar.
This study aims to evaluate the sunscreen activity of nyamplung seed extract resulting from cold press extraction, soxletation with n-hexane solvent, and maceration with alcohol solvent. Apart from that, determining the minimum concentration of using nyamplung seed extract as a sunscreen ingredient. This study was conducted in vitro using UV spectrophotometry with the method developed by Sayre et al., (1979). The results showed that the alcohol extract of nyamplung seeds had the best sunscreen activity with an SPF of 42,499 at a concentration of 1,000 ppm in chloroform:alcohol (1:1) in the ultra protection category. Followed by n-hexane extract and cold pressed extract with SPF 39,951 and 36,349 respectively with the same concentration, solvent, and category. The higher the sample concentration, the lower the percentage of erythema and pigmentation, while the higher the SPF. The lowest concentrations of cold pressed extract, n-hexane, and nyamplung seed alcohol that meet the category of sunscreen with ultra protection were 600, 600, and 400 ppm, respectively.
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