<p>Low Back Pain is one of the disease that causing global disability in the worldwide. In the past 10 years, prevalence of LBP has not decreased, it makes global burden increase substantially. Chronic low back pain(CLBP) is pain that is almost experienced daily by patients in the lower back region in a period of more than 3 months. Chronic low back pain is a mixture of pain that arises through nociceptive and neuropathic mechanisms. Over the past decade, numerous  guidelines have been used  in the management of CLBP. Problems that are still a controversy include the management of pain. The mechanism of many treatment measures is still in the low to moderate effectiveness stage, so that the pain management target is not optimal. Substance P is a neuropeptide that release  both in acute and chronic pain. Therefore study about mechanisms that affect SP release may show important information regarding pathological alterations in pain perception.</p>

This research was aimed to determine the ecological factors that can affect the distribution of Alcedo euryzona and its relationship with the quantification of human anthropogenic activities in the vicinity. The research was conducted using the point count method with 7 observation points along the Welo River (±5,096 km). Based on the analysis, the distribution pattern of Alcedo euryzona is uniformly based on Morisita’s index with a value of lp < 0 (-0,033). Whereas the relationship between the existence of species and anthropogenic activity based on hypothesis test in binary logistic analysis partially has no significant effect with a value > 0,05 (0,999). The ecological factors that influence the existence of the species include river shoulders, temperature, and altitude.