The existing drainage systems in Polesia have exhausted their resource and need reconstruction and modernization to improve the overall technological, economic and environmental efficiency of their operation.To study the influence of the main factors of variation of the distance between the drains methods of statistical modeling and the probability theory are used, which developed a mathematical model for determining standard deviation determining factor of the investigated function. According to the results of the studies, it was found that the drainage flow module characterizing the intensity of soil and territory drainage is formed mainly due to the values of the drainage speed, filtration coefficient and the time of excess water drainage and has a significant impact on the distance between the drains, which is 86-98 %. Based on the simulation for the conditions of Ukrainian Polesia dynamics and the average weighted modules in drainage outflow under different weather and climatic conditions for growing different crops on different soils, the considerable variability of their values in time and space are obtained, the normalized curves constructed security module drainage outflow for the main arable crops on mineral and peat soils. The obtained results convincingly show that both current and average values of the drainage flow modulus in the studied conditions have a pronounced variability in climatic conditions, the type of crops grown and the type of soil. With its value for the selected key factors the drainage system substantially differs primarily from the maximum current values and values during the vegetation period calculated from accepted values by more than a few times, what determines the need to take account of this designing reconstruction projects, construction and operation of such facilities.
Drainage on drained lands is the main regulator of water-air and general natural reclamation regime. Currently, the most promising economic and mathematical method is considered, which combines the advantages of hydro-mechanical and empirical methods and is based on the implementation of a set of forecast and optimization calculations. However, in the conditions of transition to market relations, this method, as it is implemented, does not allow to determine the optimal drainage parameters differentially with respect to different levels of crop yield in compliance with modern economic and environmental requirements in the changeable natural-agro-reclamation conditions of the real object, so it needs further improvement. In this regard, the principles of construction and implementation of a comprehensive model for optimizing agricultural drainage parameters are developed, taking into account the climatological strategy of object management, based on the implementation of interrelated structural and technological, forecast-simulation and optimization blocks of models. This makes it possible to determine economically feasible and environmentally acceptable design solutions based on the relevant criteria. As economic criteria and conditions of the optimization deal with the minimization of costs subject to climatic risk, and environmental component -condition in the form of a matching constraint values of the module of drainage flow within the system ecologically acceptable value. The scientific principles of construction and implementation of structural-technological, forecast-simulation and optimization blocks of models based on changeable natural-agro-meliorative conditions of a real object have been developed, which allow obtaining differentiated values of yield corresponding to the considered variants of drainage parameters, as well as evaluating the technological and environmental efficiency of its operation within the project period.
In the paper the designs of traditional deep tillers are analyzed and their inconsistency with the requirements for improving the technology of water regulation of ameliorated lands in changing climatic conditions is determined. They do not guarantee the necessary quality of loosening the soil and its structure, compact the soil into the walls of the cut slots, require significant energy costs for implementation, have insufficient completeness of loosening and the duration of its aftereffect. Therefore, it is advisable to switch from the traditional and most widespread technologies of slot and strip loosening to continuous loosening in profile and area, as well as differentiated loosening of deep soil horizons. It is proved that improved deep loosening can be the most effective means of ensuring the necessary filtration and simultaneous accumulation of excess soil moisture to ensure maximum productivity of ameliorated land throughout the entire growing season. Possible approaches to improving the technology and design to obtain more efficient means of deep loosening and the design of an advanced multi-tiered deep tiller are proposed. Thanks to the new principle of deep loosening, for the first time it became possible to control the process of loosening the soil and obtain the desired degree of loosening in each horizon of the developed vertical profile of the soil. In the design of the advanced deep-tiller, the zone of elastoplastic deformations is minimized and is replaced by less energy-intensive shear, chip, and bending deformations due to tiered loosening of the soil by a separate working element at subcritical depths.Its implementation in the conditions of Polesye of Ukraine contributed to the improvement of water-physical properties, water permeability and accumulating ability of the most common drained sod-podzolic soil, which provided an increase in the yield of cultivated crops by 20-40 %, as well as an increase in the duration of its aftereffect up to 3-4 years with payback no more than 1 year.
A various number of factors, which, in turn, also vary greatly, determines the process of water consumption. These are meteorological indicators, yield, crop properties and soil conditions. The values of the water consumption of irrigated crops (in the operational regime of irrigation in the calculation of the water balance) are recommended to be determined counting on: the indicators of heat supply of the territories, that is, the radiation balance; air humidity deficit and bioclimatic factors of water consumption, taking into account the type and phase of plants development, the physical condition and the soil moistening. The empirical method for determining the vertical moisture exchange takes into account the biological characteristics of crops, the conditions for the heat and moisture availability of the calculation periods, the power and humidity of the soil layer under study, the water-physical properties of the ground, and the depth of the groundwater. It gives reliable results and can be used in calculations of the water regime in designing and exploitation of the reclamation systems. The groundwater affects the formation of the soil water regime in the aeration zone. At shallow occurrence, they increase the humidity in the root layer, which makes it possible to reduce the irrigation rates and the number of irrigation events. This article considers the problem of reducing errors and improving existing methods of calculating water consumption by crops and vertical soil moisture exchange. The methods of (Shebeko et al., 1980), Rogotskiy (1981) and Pylenok (1985) were taken as the basis of the research. According to them and empirical formulas developed by Mazaiski (2002), the calculations of vertical moisture exchange were made. The empirical method for determining the vertical moisture exchange takes into account the biological characteristics of crops, the conditions for the heat and moisture availability of the calculation periods, the power and humidity of the soil layer under study, the water-physical properties of the ground, and the depth of the groundwater. It gives reliable results and can be used in calculations of the water regime in designing and exploitation the reclamation systems.
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