The photovoltaics (PV) is a method of direct conversion of solar energy to electricity using semiconductor solar cells. In terms of globally installed capacity, PV remains third the most important renewable energy source after hydro and wind powers. 31.1 GW of PV systems were installed around the world in 2012 and up from 30.4 GW in 2011.There is a rapid growth of PV cell production and it is expected to increase further. However PV technology have to cost effective in comparison to hydro or wind powers and other sources of renewable energy. It has to reach the "grid parity" i.e. less or equal price for generated electricity power. More than 85% of solar cells (SC) are made from solar grade silicon (SoGSi). SoGSi is produced by purification of metallurgy grade silicon (MGSi) which is produced by carbon recovering silicon from quartz. Also Quartz is an initial and essential material for obtaining SoGSi and SC. Rich resource of quartz Sarykol located at southern part of Kazakhstan where the main factory for MG Si production «Каzsilicon» is situated. Upgrading of MGSi up to SoGSi consists is a number of technological steps and SoGSi is basis for PV industry. Therefore the cost of SoGSi determines the competitiveness of PV technology compared to other energy sources. There are several chemical and metallurgical technologies for SoGSi production. This paper briefly describes these technologies and shows main advantages of metallurgical technologies based on slag refining (oxygenation). Considered technologies are the basis for industrial production of SoGSi, solar cells with an efficiency of 15.8-17.1% and solar panels. The 1st power plant made from solar panels in Kazakhstan was launched in December 25, 2012 by «AstanaSolar» with a total capacity of 250 kW.
Образцы и методы исследованияИсследовали два вида ПК SoG: очищенный металлургиче-
The methods of purification of "Kazsilicon" metallurgical silicon produced by the carbothermal method, i.e., the reduction of high purity Sary Kol quartz into carbon, are developed. These technologies provide the basis for the industrial production of silicon, solar cells, panels, and solar power plants. Using these technologies, solar grade silicon is produced, on the basis of which solar cells with an efficiency of 15.8-17.1% are fabricated. Panels of solar cells compose the "Astana Solar", i.e., the first solar power plant in Kazakhstan with a power of 250 kW, which was put into operation December 25, 2012.
In the frame of permanent objective to increase solar cell efficiency and to decrease production cost the monolike ingot process was designed which combine multicrystalline (mc) productivity and monocrystalline structure performances. As a raw material the mc-Solar Grade silicon (SoG-Si) was used because it is less expensive than the Si purified by gas chemical route (Siemens process or equivalent), Usage of the mc-SoG-Si for growing silicon ingots by monolike process should contribute to the ingot and wafer manufacturing cost decrease. SoG silicon using would be developed all the more fast since it enables to produce high efficiency solar cells. It is why the monolike process have been tested and optimized for Kazakhstan mc-SoG silicon. The objective of this work was study of the higher level content impurities influences on the crystal defect generation (mainly dislocations) of the monocrystalline structure. Visual monocrystalline structure, minority carrier lifetime mapping, and photoluminescence techniques were used to study the monolike ingots obtained from Kazakhstan’s mc-SoG silicon.
A various number of factors, which, in turn, also vary greatly, determines the process of water consumption. These are meteorological indicators, yield, crop properties and soil conditions. The values of the water consumption of irrigated crops (in the operational regime of irrigation in the calculation of the water balance) are recommended to be determined counting on: the indicators of heat supply of the territories, that is, the radiation balance; air humidity deficit and bioclimatic factors of water consumption, taking into account the type and phase of plants development, the physical condition and the soil moistening. The empirical method for determining the vertical moisture exchange takes into account the biological characteristics of crops, the conditions for the heat and moisture availability of the calculation periods, the power and humidity of the soil layer under study, the water-physical properties of the ground, and the depth of the groundwater. It gives reliable results and can be used in calculations of the water regime in designing and exploitation of the reclamation systems. The groundwater affects the formation of the soil water regime in the aeration zone. At shallow occurrence, they increase the humidity in the root layer, which makes it possible to reduce the irrigation rates and the number of irrigation events. This article considers the problem of reducing errors and improving existing methods of calculating water consumption by crops and vertical soil moisture exchange. The methods of (Shebeko et al., 1980), Rogotskiy (1981) and Pylenok (1985) were taken as the basis of the research. According to them and empirical formulas developed by Mazaiski (2002), the calculations of vertical moisture exchange were made. The empirical method for determining the vertical moisture exchange takes into account the biological characteristics of crops, the conditions for the heat and moisture availability of the calculation periods, the power and humidity of the soil layer under study, the water-physical properties of the ground, and the depth of the groundwater. It gives reliable results and can be used in calculations of the water regime in designing and exploitation the reclamation systems.
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