Figure 4. Effects of Him-MFM on inflammation damaging and apoptotic stress and mobilized tenocyte functional proliferation. a) Immunohistochemical staining and evaluation of IL-1β and TNF-α expression in peritendinous adhesion area for 5 and 10 days. Scale bars: 5 µm. b) The positive area percent of IL-1β and TNF-α for 5 and 10 days (n = 6). c) Immunofluorescence staining for CD68 + macrophages, Ly6G + neutrophils, and DAPI. Scale bars: 5 µm. d) The number of macrophages and neutrophils in LPF at series time post injury. ***p < 0.001 compared to control group. ### p < 0.001 compared to MFM group. † † † p < 0.001 compared to glucocorticoid group. ‡ ‡ ‡ p < 0.001 compared to the NSAIDS group (n = 6). e) The stub and sheath of tendon post injury. f) Immunofluorescence staining for TUNEL positive apoptosis cells, Scx + tenocytes, and DAPI. Scale bars, 5 µm. g) Positive percent of apoptotic cells on tendon stub and sheath (n = 6). ***p < 0.001. h) Immunofluorescence staining for Ki67, Scx + tenocytes, and DAPI. Scale bars: 5 µm.i) Amount of Ki67 + cells between stubs of sagittal section (n = 6). ***p < 0.001 compared to control group. ### p < 0.001 compared to MFM group. † † † p < 0.001 compared to glucocorticoid group. ‡ ‡ ‡ p < 0.001 compared to the NSAIDS group. j) Percent of Ki67 + tenocyte of sagittal section, n = 6 biologically independent samples per group. ***p < 0.001. Data are presented as mean ± SD. Statistical analysis was performed by two-tailed Student's t test.
With an increase in life expectancy and the popularity of high-intensity exercise, the frequency of tendon and ligament injuries has also increased. Owing to the specificity of its tissue, the rapid restoration of injured tendons and ligaments is challenging for treatment. This review summarises the latest progress in cells, biomaterials, active molecules, and construction technology in treating tendon/ligament injuries. The characteristics of supports made of different materials and the development and application of different manufacturing methods are discussed. The development of natural polymers, synthetic polymers, and composite materials has boosted the use of scaffolds. In addition, the development of electrospinning and hydrogel technology has diversified the production and treatment of materials. First, this paper briefly introduces the structure, function, and biological characteristics of tendons/ligaments. Then, it summarises the advantages and disadvantages of different materials, such as natural polymer scaffolds, synthetic polymer scaffolds, composite scaffolds, and ECM-derived biological scaffolds, in the application of tendon/ligament regeneration. We then discuss the latest applications of electrospun fiber scaffolds and hydrogels in regeneration engineering. Finally, we discuss the current problems and future directions in the development of biomaterials for restoring damaged tendons and ligaments.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.