Sea cucumbers or holothurians are marine invertebrates, belonging to the phylum Echinodermata (kingdom Animalia). In Asia, they are commonly used as food, while they are applied in traditional medicine as well. A wide range of secondary metabolites from these animals has been reported, but triterpene glycosides are the most predominant and most studied and are considered as valuable chemotaxonomic markers. With respect to this, the genus Holothuria is an important genus of sea cucumbers, given the high number and variety of triterpene glycosides previously reported. Holothuria triterpene glycosides are typically composed of a 3β-hydroxyholost-9(11)-ene aglycon and a glycosidic moiety comprised of one up to six sugar units, connected to position 3 of the sapogenin. In the past decade (2010-2020) as much as 63 saponins were identified for the first time in the Holothuria genus, of which 36 had not been reported before. Identification was mainly carried out by LC-MS (liquid chromatographymass spectrometry) analysis, while also NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectroscopy is often applied for structure elucidation. However, while carrying out a literature search on these compounds, various inconsistencies were observed. Therefore, this review intends to provide an overview of typical signals that can occur in NMR and MS data, accompanied with an extensive explanation of their interpretation, in order to facilitate any future research on identification/structure elucidation of Holothuria saponins. Moreover, the data published in the past decade were critically reviewed and various questionable results are discussed.
Ikan asin merupakan produk tradisional yang tingkat konsumsi dan popularitasnya menurun, sehingga perlu dikembangkan menjadi produk pangan fungsional dengan memanfaatkan sumber serat yang kurang termanfaatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan jenis dan konsentrasi bahan pengikat pada pembuatan nugget ikan asin berserat pangan dengan memanfaatkan ampas tahu. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap faktorial (RALF) dengan faktor pertama adalah perbedaan jenis tepung sebagai binder (tepung maizena, tepung tapiokadan tepung terigu) dan faktor kedua adalahkonsentrasi tepung (10%, 20%, 30%) terhadap berat daging ikan dan ampas tahu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jenis tepung tidak berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik fisik dan organoleptik nugget, tetapi interaksi antara jenis dan konsentrasi tepung berpengaruh pada rendemen, tekstur, kadar air dan tingkat kesukaan nugget ikan asin. Tepung maizena, tepung tapioka maupun tepung terigu dapat digunakan sebagai bahan pengikat nugget. Nugget ikan asin terpilih adalah nugget dengan bahan pengikat tepung tapioka konsentrasi 30%. dengan nilai tekstur 14,30 Newton (secara organoleptik agak empuk), kadar air 27,48%, kadar protein 6,88%, kadar lemak 5,84%, kadar abu 2,31%, serat pangan 9,30%, karakteristik organoleptik agak berrasa asin dengan aroma ikan asin dan secara keseluruhan disukaii panelis.
Saponin-rich sea cucumber extracts have shown antidiabetic effects in a few reports. Although the triterpene glycosides of sea cucumbers are commonly isolated from their Cuvierian tubules, these are absent in Holothuria atra Jaeger. Therefore, this study intended to investigate the saponin profile in the body wall of H. atra, as well as to assess the α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the H. atra extracts. The chemical profiling of sea cucumber extracts was conducted by UPLC-HRMS analysis. This resulted in the tentative identification of 11 compounds, 7 of which have not been reported in the H. Atra body wall before. Additionally, two triterpene glycosides were purified and their structures were elucidated based on HRMS and NMR data: desholothurin B (1), and a novel epimer, 12-epi-desholothurin B (2). Moreover, the fatty acid profile of the H. atra body wall was investigated by GC-MS. It was found that the Me90 fraction of the H. atra body wall showed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 value 0.158 ± 0.002 mg/mL), thus making it more potent than acarbose (IC50 value 2.340 ± 0.044 mg/mL).
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