Ixodid tick species were collected from cattle in 60 grazing fields throughout Japan. Haemaphysalis longicornis was mainly recovered in the western and southern regions, while Ixodes species were collected mainly in the central to northern regions. Other tick species such as Amblyomma testudinarium, Boophilus microplus, H. flava and H. kitaokai were identified from a few fields in the central and southern regions. Haemaphysalis longicornis were recovered in the fields with higher temperatures and annual rainfall, whereas I. ovatus and I. persulcatus were collected in fields with lower temperatures and annual rainfall. Some of these tick species are capable of transmitting pathogens harmful to cattle and humans, so proper control strategies are required.
Abstract. The effect of dietary administration with essential unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid [18:2 (n-6)], a mixture of oleic acid [18:1 (n-9)], linoleic acid and γ-linolenic acid [18:3 (n-6)], or α-linolenic acid [18:3 (n-3)], on early embryo development of pubertal female pigs in summer was examined. Safflower oil was supplemented to a concentrated diet (the control diet) at the rate of 5% (Safflower oil-diet). The concentration of linoleic acid was 3.75 g/100 g in the Safflower oil-diet. Fatty acids-enriched mold dried cell was supplemented to the control diet at the rate of 20% (Mold dried cell-diet). The concentration of γ-linolenic acid was 5.32 g/100 g in the Mold dried cell-diet. Mold dried cell also contains oleic acid and linoleic acid at concentrations of 7.28 g/100 g and 2.98 g/100 g, respectively. Perilla oil was supplemented to the control diet at the rate of 7.5% (Perilla oil-diet). The concentration of α-linolenic acid was 4.125 g/100 g in the Perilla oil-diet. Each diet was given daily to five crossbred pubertal gilts for approximately 4 months. From at least 70 days after the start of the experimental diets, embryo collections were performed. The control embryos were obtained from the same breed, 10 pubertal gilts, given only the control diet. Embryos were collected on day 6 (day 1=the last day of estrus) and assessed morphologically. Embryo collection was repeated twice for each pig fed the diet supplemented with essential unsaturated fatty acids. The mean number of corpora lutea was greater in gilts given Mold dried cell-diet than in gilts given Safflower oil-diet (P<0.05) or Perilla oil-diet (P<0.01). The mean number of ova recovered in gilts given Mold dried cell-diet was also greater than that in gilts given the control diet (P<0.05), Safflower oil-diet (P<0.05) or Perilla oil-diet (P<0.01). Furthermore, both the mean number and the proportion of embryos showing normal morphology in gilts given Mold dried cell-diet were significantly higher than in gilts given the control diet, Safflower oil-diet or Perilla oil-diet. These results indicate that the unsaturated fatty acids-enriched mold dried cell may be beneficial for improving ovulation rate and embryo quality.
Fig. 2. Correlationof cell numbers and diameters of porcine expanded blastocysts cultured in vitro either for less than 15h or more than 15h.(A) Correlation coefficient of cell numbers and diameters of the expanded blastocysts cultured for less than 15h was 0.966 (P<0.0001).(B) Correlation coefficient of cell numbers and diameters of the expanded blastocysts cultured for more than 15h was 0.705 (P=0.0766).
Abstract. The aims of the present study were twofold. The first aim was to examine whether or not early pregnancy-associated thrombocytopenia (EPAT) occurred in cows following nonsurgical embryo transfer by observing the daily patterns of the concentration of peripheral platelets (PLT) during the preimplantation period of pregnancy. The other goal was to assess the use of PLT count as a diagnosis of early pregnancy in cows. In Experiment 1, out of 50 Holstein parous cows, 40 had one embryo nonsurgically transferred to each uterine horn on Day 6 or 7 (Day 0=onset of standing estrus). The remaining 10 cows served as controls having no embryos transferred. Blood was taken daily at the same time, from Day 6 or 7 following estrus (the day when the embryos were transferred in the non-controls) to the day of return to estrus for control cows and non-pregnant cows, or to Day 36 for pregnant cows. Bilateral embryo transfers resulted in 9 twin, 14 single, and 17 nonpregnancies. Some recipient cows showed an increase in PLT following embryo transfer, while others displayed a decrease in PLT. If significant PLT change was characterized either by a decrease or an increase of >20% compared to the value of pre-transfer, the proportions of cows indicating significant change were 78% (7/9) in twin, 64% (9/14) in single, 76% (13/17) in nonpregnancies and 30% (3/10) in controls. The proportions in twin (P<0.05), single (P<0.05) and nonpregnancies (P<0.01) were higher than that in controls. The effect of the particular group on PLT was significant (P<0.0025). In Experiment 2, each of several in vitro-produced blastocysts were nosurgically transferred to 9 Japanese Black cows on Day 7 or 8 following onset of estrus. Seven days after embryo transfer, an attempt to recover the previously transferred embryos by nonsurgical flushing was performed. Embryos could be recovered on Day 14 or 15 from 5 animals, whose blood was taken from the day of embryo transfer to the next day of embryo recovery and during the corresponding days of the following estrous cycle. For PLT, differences were detected between the both phases of 3 out of the 5 cows. The individual PLT variation in response means that EPAT does not necessarily occur in cows following embryo transfer, and that the use of PLT counts is unlikely to be clinically useful in assessing early pregnancy in cows. These results may suggest, however, that maternal platelet activation would occur during early pregnancy in cattle.
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