This paper discusses about the oil losses due to emulsion, flash, and mixing oil phenomena that frequently happened in the oil and gas companies. The goals of this work are to calculate the emulsion and vapor correction volumes, shrinkage correction volume of the mixture of two or more crude oils with different densities, and to compare between the common proportional method that usually utilized in petroleum industries and the new proposed stratified method for determining of sharing oil losses. The mixing of crude oils from 7 shippers in Krisna field would be used as a case study, and the equation of API 12.3 was chosen to calculate a shrinkage correction volume. Oils from shippers S1, S2, and S3 were first mixed together in TANK-1 of the 1st station; the mixed oil of TANK-1 was then transported to the next station and stored in the TANK-2 and mixed with other oils from shippers S4 and S5; and finally, the mixed oil of TANK-2 was transported to the final station and stored in the TANK-3 and mixed with other oils from shippers S6 and S7. The proportional method gave almost the same shrinkage correction factor (SCF) for all shippers about 0.20%, while stratified method resulted SCF in between 0.05 and 0.31%. Based on our analysis, more often oil mixes with others its volume would be more decreased. The stratified method is therefore recommended to determine sharing oil losses since it gives a fair result.
CO2 gas injection is one of the recommended enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods by injecting CO2 through reservoir pores after the residual saturation is reached, since CO2 dissolves easily in oil phase as confirmed by many other researchers in pertaining field studies. An integrated system is urgently required for assessing CO2-EOR study, covering multi-disciplinary aspects as follows: geology, geophysics, reservoir, production, process and economic. Hence, those systems must be reliable in suggesting final decision for feasibility of CO2-EOR operation program, applicable either for pilot scale or for full scale. This paper is proposing an integrated system evaluation, which has the following features: (1) estimate fraction of dissolved CO2, (2) estimate viscosity reduction, (3) estimate future oil productivity index resulted, (4) forecast incremental oil production, (5) estimate surface facilities equipment design, (6) evaluate economical aspects and (7) generate final decision for feasibility of CO2-EOR operation program. Finally, as the main objective of this program, those systems will present a picture of essential reason why we need to promote or reject CO2-EOR plan program, and also some recommendations will be presented in case the CO2-EOR plan does not perform as expected.
The open loop experiment of composition dynamic in a 10 L mixing tank has been successfully done in laboratory. A 10 L tank was designed for mixing of water (as a stream-1)
Oil losses is a problem that often arises in oil and gas industries either in onshore or offshore area. There is a loss discrepancy between total quantities from shippers and measurement in the storage tanks; the total sending volume is lower than the measured volume in the mixing tank in a gathering station; this is known as oil losses. When this occurs, an agreement to determine a fair share of the losses must be made. There are two categories of oil losses, they are individual and group losses. Individual loss occurs when oil from one shipper has not been mixed yet with other oils. This includes emulsion and evaporative losses. Group loss occurs during mixing oils in the same storage tank or pipeline. Furthermore, by knowing the causes of oil losses, a way to minimize oil losses can be determined.
The goals of this work are to compare and analyze the use of PI conventional and Cascade control configuration in heater-plug-flow-reactor-series (Heater-PFR-series) to produce benzene through the reaction of hydrodealkylation of toluene (HDA).The two control configurations were rigorously examined in UniSim dynamic simulation environment. The PI control parameters were tuned by using “autotuner” mode of UniSim. As shown in dynamic simulation study, the two control configurations with its tuning parameters gave the fast and stable responses. This study revealed that the Cascade control acted very well and its responses were better and faster than those in PI-conventional.Keywords: cascade control; dynamic simulation; PFR; PI conventional; UniSim
Produksi minyak yang mengalir dari Anjungan menuju FSO (Floating Storage and Offloading) "A" berasal dari PT. Perusahaan Minyak "B" dan "C" di Selat Madura. Total produksi minyak yang mengalir dari anjungan ke FSO "A" saat ini sekitar 6000 BOPD. Akibat sistem pengiriman yang menggunakan saluran pipa yang sama maka timbul masalah yaitu kehilangan minyak antara Platform sebagai titik pengiriman dan FSO "A" sebagai titik penerima. Selain itu, air yang ikut dalam proses distribusi minyak akan menjadi faktor pengurang yang akan digunakan sebagai koreksi pengiriman minyak, semakin banyak air semakin sedikit jumlah minyak yang akan diterima di FSO "A". Sampel minyak yang telah diambil kemudian diamati karakteristiknya yaitu densitas, komposisi (% mole), BS&W, emulsi, flash, dan penyusutan yang diuji di Laboratorium PPPTMGB "Lemigas" Jakarta. Berat jenis sampel sekitar 1.018, dan keduanya sangat berbeda dengan berat jenis air laut; Perbedaan ini ditunjukkan oleh hasil SG (1.018 vs 1.025) dan kadar garam air laut jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan air formasi PT "B" dan PT "C". Sampel minyak dari PT "B" dan PT "C" memiliki SG yang hampir sama, yaitu 0.79. Kadar BS&W pada kedua produsen minyak cukup rendah; Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pemisahan minyak dan air di Anjungan berjalan cukup baik. Namun, sampel BS&W di FSO "A" yang masuk sangat tinggi, yaitu lebih dari 5%; ini menunjukkan off-set pada pengaturan level antarmuka air-minyak pada separator sehingga air dapat menambah jumlah volume aliran minyak dari Platform ke FSO "A" Kata Kunci: Kadar air, BS&W, produksi minyak, produksi air ABSTRACT: Oil production that flows from the Platform to the FSO (Floating Storage and Offloading) "A" is derived from PT. "B" and the "C" Oil Company in the Madura Strait. The total oil production flowing from the Platform to the "A" FSO is currently around 6000 BOPD. As a result of the delivery system using the same channel, a problem arises, namely oil losses between the Platform as a delivery point and FSO "A" as a receiving point. Besides that, the water that is involved in the oil distribution process will be a deduction factor that will be used as a correction for oil shipments, the more water the less amount of oil will be received at FSO "A". The oil samples that have been taken are then observed for their characteristics, namely density, composition (%-mole), BS&W, emulsion, flash, shrinkage at PPPTMGB "Lemigas" Laboratory Jakarta. The specific gravity of samples is around 1,018. While the characteristics of the two are different from the characteristics of sea water; this difference is shown by the results of SG (1,018 vs 1,025) and the salt content of sea water is much higher than the water formation of PT "B" and PT "C". The oil samples of PT "B" and PT "C" have almost the same SG, which is 0.79. BS&W oil in both ships is quite low; this shows that the separation of oil and water on the Platform went quite well. However, BS&W samples in incoming FSO "A" are very high, at 5%; this indicates an off-set at the water-oil interface level se...
Penggunaan injeksi kimia telah banyak digunakan pada lapangan minyak dalam skala yang besar. Beberapa kasus mengalami keberhasilan yang tinggi dan di sisi lain banyak juga yang mengalami kegagalan pada saat pelaksanaan full-scale project. Sebelum dilakukannya injeksi kimia, salah satu hal yang sebaiknya dilakukan adalah mencoba dan merealisasikan chemical yang layak digunakan berdasarkan karakteristik reservoirnya yang menjadi target untuk peningkatan perolehan minyak. Coreflooding menjadi salah satu hal yang penting dalam penilaian kinerja chemical yang digunakan setelah tahapan screening. Kajian coreflooding di laboratorium menunjukkan bahwa hasil pengukuran sifat surfaktan dan polimer memberikan hasil yang baik untuk digunakan sebagai bahan injeksi dalam meningkatkan perolehan minyak. Injeksi surfactant–polymer dengan konsentrasi 3000 ppm dan 1000 ppm dengan mekanisme injeksi sebanyak 0,3 PV surfaktan dan 0,2 PV polimer menghasilkan peningkatan perolehan minyak sebesar 12,89%. Selanjutnya berdasarkan hasil analisa secara kualitatif didapatkan bahwa penggunaan surfaktan SS-B8020 sebagai fluida injeksi tidak menyebabkan terjadinya penyumbatan pada pori-pori batuan reservoir, yang berarti bahwa fluida injeksi kompatibel dengan batuan reservoir tersebut.
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