This paper discusses about the oil losses due to emulsion, flash, and mixing oil phenomena that frequently happened in the oil and gas companies. The goals of this work are to calculate the emulsion and vapor correction volumes, shrinkage correction volume of the mixture of two or more crude oils with different densities, and to compare between the common proportional method that usually utilized in petroleum industries and the new proposed stratified method for determining of sharing oil losses. The mixing of crude oils from 7 shippers in Krisna field would be used as a case study, and the equation of API 12.3 was chosen to calculate a shrinkage correction volume. Oils from shippers S1, S2, and S3 were first mixed together in TANK-1 of the 1st station; the mixed oil of TANK-1 was then transported to the next station and stored in the TANK-2 and mixed with other oils from shippers S4 and S5; and finally, the mixed oil of TANK-2 was transported to the final station and stored in the TANK-3 and mixed with other oils from shippers S6 and S7. The proportional method gave almost the same shrinkage correction factor (SCF) for all shippers about 0.20%, while stratified method resulted SCF in between 0.05 and 0.31%. Based on our analysis, more often oil mixes with others its volume would be more decreased. The stratified method is therefore recommended to determine sharing oil losses since it gives a fair result.
CO2 gas injection is one of the recommended enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods by injecting CO2 through reservoir pores after the residual saturation is reached, since CO2 dissolves easily in oil phase as confirmed by many other researchers in pertaining field studies. An integrated system is urgently required for assessing CO2-EOR study, covering multi-disciplinary aspects as follows: geology, geophysics, reservoir, production, process and economic. Hence, those systems must be reliable in suggesting final decision for feasibility of CO2-EOR operation program, applicable either for pilot scale or for full scale. This paper is proposing an integrated system evaluation, which has the following features: (1) estimate fraction of dissolved CO2, (2) estimate viscosity reduction, (3) estimate future oil productivity index resulted, (4) forecast incremental oil production, (5) estimate surface facilities equipment design, (6) evaluate economical aspects and (7) generate final decision for feasibility of CO2-EOR operation program. Finally, as the main objective of this program, those systems will present a picture of essential reason why we need to promote or reject CO2-EOR plan program, and also some recommendations will be presented in case the CO2-EOR plan does not perform as expected.
The open loop experiment of composition dynamic in a 10 L mixing tank has been successfully done in laboratory. A 10 L tank was designed for mixing of water (as a stream-1)
The goals of this work are to compare and analyze the use of PI conventional and Cascade control configuration in heater-plug-flow-reactor-series (Heater-PFR-series) to produce benzene through the reaction of hydrodealkylation of toluene (HDA).The two control configurations were rigorously examined in UniSim dynamic simulation environment. The PI control parameters were tuned by using “autotuner” mode of UniSim. As shown in dynamic simulation study, the two control configurations with its tuning parameters gave the fast and stable responses. This study revealed that the Cascade control acted very well and its responses were better and faster than those in PI-conventional.Keywords: cascade control; dynamic simulation; PFR; PI conventional; UniSim
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